ing any one on the road, would always lift his hat and give a friendly greeting. Before the Kevolution- ary War he taught a classical school at Fishkill, and among his pupils was the celebrated Dr. John H. Liv- ingston. He was regarded as the most learned theolo- gian and classical scholar in the Dutch Church. He wrote in Greek and Latin, and was as much at home iu Hebrew as in his native tongue. His sermons were textual, analytical, and drawn directly out of the Script- ures, which he expounded with learning and affection- ate faithfulness. In the most excited controversies of the Church he was always known as a peace-maker. For a long time he was the onlv minister in Dutchess Countj\ He left no production in print. (W. J. K. T.)
s.
Sa, Manoei> de, a Portuguese theologian, was born in ir)oO at Villa do Conde. At the age of fifteen he joined the Order of .Jesuits, and became instructor in philosophy, first in the University of Coimbra, and af- terwards at (Jaudia. Being called to Rome in 1557, he spent his time in teaching, preaching, and editing a new version of the Bible, which appeared during the pontificate of Sixtus V. He also founded many relig- ious houses in Upper Italy. After residing for a time at Genoa, he returned to the convent at Arona, where he died. Dec. 30, 1596. Of his works, we have Apho- rismi Confvssorum (1595): — Scholia in IV Evanr/eUls (1596) : — Notatiimes in Totam S. Scrij)tu?-am (1598). — Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Saadhs, a sect in Hindostan who have rejected Hindu idolatry, substituting for it a species of deism. They are found chiefly at Delhi, Agra, Jyeporc, and Furruckhabad. Their name implies Pure, or Puritans. The sect originated in A.D. 1G58, with a person named Birbhan. They have no temples, but assemble at stated periods, more especially every full moon, in private houses, or in adjoining courts set ai)art for this purpose. Thej' wear white garments, use no pigments, nor secta- rian marks upon their forehead, and have no chaplets or rosaries or jewels. — Gardner, Faiths of the World, s. v.
Saaclia(s), hag-Gaon dlXyfl, the majesty^), hen- Joseph Ila-Pithomi, Ha-Mizri, called in Arabic Said Ihn-Jaakub ul-Fayumi, a learned .Jewish rabbin, was born at Fayiim, in Upper Egy|)t, A.D. 892. His con- temporary' was the Arabian historian Masudi. Saadia enjoyed the tuition of an eminent Karaite teacher. Sal- omon ben-Jerucham, an advantage that gave him an enlargement of mind beyond many of his colleagues in the Babj'lonian schools, though he never embraced the Karaite doctrines, but contended for the necessity of oral tradition. Saadia was distinguished alike as philos- opher, Talmudist, theologian, orator, grammarian, and commentator, and, when little more than twenty -two (91.5), he published his first production, written in Ara- bic, entitled "A Refutation of Anan," or Kitiih ar-rud ill A nan. This work has not as yet been found, but from .lerucham's rejoinder to it we learn that the im- port of it was to refute Anan's doctrines, and to show the necessity' of the tra<litional explanation of the •Scriptures as contained in the Rabbinic writings. " He urged in support of tradition that the simple words of the Bible are insufficient for the understanding and the peformance of the law, since many of the enactments in the Pentateuch are oidy stated iu outline, and re- quire explanation; as in the case of the general prohi- bition to work on the Sabbath, where the nature of the labor is not delined; that praj-er was not at all ordered in the Mosaic law, while the necessity of it is referred to an oral communication; that the advent of the Mes- siah and tlie resurrection of tlie dead are liased upon tradiliiiual exegesis; and that the history of the .lews is derived entirely from tradition" (comi). Jerucham
against Saadia, Alphabet iii, ]\IS.). The rapid stride of Karaism, and the fact tli;it the Karaites were now almost the sole possessors of the field of Biblical exege- sis and grammatical research, while the orthodox Jews were satisfied with taking the Talmud as their rule of faith and practice, determined Saadia to undertake an Arabic translation of the Scriptures, accompanied by short annotations. His Biblical works are, PX T'DDH miP, A Translation oj" the Pentateuch, which he com- pleted A.D. 915-920. The commentary accompany- ing this translation, and which Aben-Ezra and Saa- dia himself mention, has not as yet come to light, but the Arabic version has been published, first with the reputed Chaldee paraphrase of Onkelos, the Jewish- Persian version of Jacob Taus, the Hebrew text, and Rashi's commentary (Constantinople, 1546); then in the Paris and London polyglots, with a Latin version : — ni"ai "iiOsr, 4 Translation of Isaiah, vfhichU.E. S. Paiihis published from a MS. in the Bodleian Library (Cod. Pococke, No. 32) of the year 1244, under the title Babhi Saadia Phiumensis Versio Jesaice Arabica, etc. (Jena, 1790-91), and which called forth a number of dissertations and criticisms, as well as corrections, as may be seen in Eichhorn's All;/em. Bihllothvlc der bi- blischen Literatur, iii, 9 sq., 455 sq. ; Michaelis, Neiie 07-ienfaL Bihliothek, viii, 75 sq. ; Gesenius, Der Prophet Jesaia, I, i, 88 sq. ; Rappaport, in Bikkure Ha-Ittim, v, 32, etc.; Munk, Notice sur Saadia, etc., p. 29-62: — mXI "linT "iiOSn (n-nr), A Translation of the Psidms of David, with annotations; only parts of this commentarv, Avhich is still extant in two IMSS. of the Bodleian Library (Cod. Pococke, No. 281 [Uri, No. 39], and Cod. Hunt, No. 41G [Uri, No. 49]), and in one Mu- nich MS., were published by Schnurrer, Hanneberg, and Ewald: — ^T'N "I'^OSP, A Translation of Job, with annotations, entitled piirr^X 3NnD, The Book of Justification, or Theodiccea ; excerpts of this ver- sion, and annotations from the only MS. extant (Bod- leian Library, Cod. Hunt, No. 511), were published by Ewald: — C^T^;:.'!! ^'^'C h" U;"l"i'^S, 4 Commentary on the Song of Songs, first published by Isaac Akrish (Con- stantinople, about 1579); then separately by Salomon ben -Moses David, under the title tTi1"D "i U:i"iS (Prague, 1608). Excerpts of the Constantinople edi- tion, with an English translation, were published by (iinsburg iu his Historical and Critical Commentary on the Song of Songs (Lond. 18571, p. 36, etc. From quo- tations made by Aben-Ezra, Kimchi, Salomon ben-Je- rucham, and other Jewish expositors and lexicogra- phers, we know that Saadia also wrote commentaries on other books, as on Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and l>sther, as well as the ;Minor Prophets and the book of Daniel. Of Ids grammatical and lexical works, only that on the seventy airn^ Xtyofiti'a, entitled n'lDari il"n3bx il-Sb "(""nc^X, was published by Dukes,