SAADIA(S)
187
SABA
and again, with important corrections, by Geiger in his Wissenschiiftliche Zdtschrift (Leips. 1844), v, 317-324. All these works Saadia wrote before he was thirty- six years of age, i. e. between A.D. 915 and 928. So great was the reputation which these works secured for him that he was called to Sora, in Babylon, where he was appointed gaon of the academy, a dignity which had never before been conferred upon any but the sages of Babylon, who were selected from the learned teachers of their own academies. After occupying this high po- sition a little more than two j'ears (928-930), he was deposed through the jealousy of others and his own un- flinching integrity. In the presence of an anti-gaon, he retained his office for nearly three j-ears more (930-933), when he had to relinquish his dignity altogether. In Bagdad, where he now resided as a private individual from 933 to 937, he wrote against the celebrated Masorite Aaron ben-Asher, as well as those two philosophical works, viz. the commentary on the Booh Jezira, and the treatise commonlj' entitled D"'""!! m3T^N, Faith and Doctrine, which were the foundation of the first sj'stem of ethical philosophy among the Jews. This latter work, which is intended to demonstrate the reasonableness of the articles of the Jewish faith, and the untenableness of the dogmas and philosophemes opposed to them, con- sists of ten sections, and discusses the following sub- jects : section 1, the creation of the world and all things therein , 2, the unity of the creation ; 3, law and reve- lation; 4, obedience to God and disobedience, divine justice and freedom; 5, merit and demerit; G, the soul and immortality; 7, the resurrection; 8, the redemp- tion; 9, reward and punishment; 10, the moral law. The original of this work, entitled nXSXnX^N 2Xn: rXIXpnsxbsi, and written in Arabic, has not as yet been published. It is in Ibn-Tibbon's Hebrew transla- tion of it, made in 1186, under the title ri'i;!l''2!!<!l D m3"nri1, and published in Constantinople (1562), Am- sterdam (1648), Berlin (1789), in Furst's German trans- lation (Leipsic, 1845), and in Ph. Bloch's translation in the Judisches LiteraturUatt (Magdeburg, 1878), which shows that this treatise is accessible to scholars. Saa- dia also wrote an Arjenda, containing prayers and hymns, which are specified by Fiirst. In the year 937 Saadia was reinstalled in his office as gaon of Sura, and died five years afterwards, in 942. See Rappaport, Biography of Saadia in Bikkure Ha-Ittiia (Vienna, 1828), ix, 20-37 ; Geiger, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift (Frankf. -on-the-Main, 1835), i, 182; ibid. (Leipsic, 1844), V, 261 sq. ; Jiidische Zeitschrift, 1868, p. 309 ; 1872, p. 4 sq., 172 sq., 255 ; Munk, Notice sur Rahhi Saadia Gaon et sa Version A rabe, in Cuhen's Bible (Paris, 1838), ix, 73 sq. ; Ewald u. Dukes, Beitrnge zur Geschichte der dltesten Auskffung des Alten Testaments (Stuttgart, 1844), i, 1-115; ii, 5-115; FUrst, Bibliotheca Judaica, i, 266-271 ; id. Geschichte des Karderthums von 900- 1575 (Leips. 1865), p. 20 sq. ; Introduction to the He- brew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. xxiv sq. ; Steinschnei- der, Catalogus Librorum Hebr. in Bibliotheca Bodleiana, No. 2156-2224 ; Griitz, Geschichte der Juden, v, 268 sq., 479 sq. ; Bloch, in (iratz's Monatsschrift, 1870, p. 401 sq. ; Turner. Bioff7xi])hical Notices of some oj" the most Dis- tinguished Jewish Rabbis (N. Y. 1847), p. 63-65, 185- 190; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy (ibid. 1872), i, 418, 423, 424 ; Ginsburg, in Kitto's Cyclop, s. v. ; id. Commentary on the Song of Songs (Lond. 1857), p. 34 sq.; Etheridge, Introdiicfvm to Hebrew Literature, p. 226 sq. ; Dessauer, Geschichte der Israeliten, p. 278 sq. ; Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, p. 84, 125, 131, 132, 135, 159, 160, 165, 166; Schmiedel, Saadia A Ifajumi und die negatlven Vorzuge seiner Religionsphilosophie (Wien, 1870); Kalisch, Hebrew Grammar (Lond. 1863), ii, 5 sq. ; Keil, Introduction to the Old Testament (Edinb. 1870), ii, 383 ; Bleek, Kinlcitiing in das A Ite Testament, p. 101 sq., 104 sq., 744 ; De Rossi, Dizionario Storico, p. 97 (Germ, transl.) ; id. Bibliotheca Judaica A nti-
chrisfiana, p. 98 sq. ; Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. u. s. Seclen, ii, 274 sq., 279, 285, 345 ; Kaufmann, Die Attributenlehre des Saadju Alfajjumi (Gotha, 1875); Eisler, Vorlesung- en iiber die jiidischen I'hilosophen des llitfelalteis, I. Ab- theilung (Wien, 1876), p. 1 sq.; Kaufmann, Geschichte der Attributenlehre in der jiidischen Religionsphilosophie des Mittelalters von Saadju bis Maimuni (Gotha, 1877), and review of this work in Z. d. d. M. G. (1878), xxxii, 213 sq. ; Biick, Geschichte des jiidischen Volkes (Lissa, 1877), p. 255 sq. ; Theologisches Unicersal-Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)
Saalschiitz, Joseph Levin, a learned German rabbi, was born in Kiinigsberg, March 15, 1801, and was educated in his native place, where he was also made doctor of philosophy in 1824, having presented for this purpose to the faculty an elaborate treatise on the Urim anf. Thummim. In the following year he pub- lished Von der Form der hebr, Poesie, nebst einer Ab- handlung iiber die Musik der Hebrder (Kciiiigsberg, 1825), which he republished with two additidiial treatises un- der the title Form und Geist der biblisch-hebr. Poesie (ibid. 1853). He then went to Berlin, where he was engaged in the Jewish public school (1825-29), at the same time prosecuting his archaeological researches. In 1829 he was called as rabbi to Vienna, where he re- mained until 1835, when he was called for the same po- sition in his native place. Here he continued the re- manider of his life, and published the following works : Forschungen im Gibiete der hehrdisch - dgyptischen A r- chdologie (1838-49, 3 vols.): — Das mosaische Recht (1846-48, 2 vols. ; Berlin, 1863, 2d ed.) -.—A rchdologie der Hebrder (1856, 2 vols.) -.—Die Ehe nach biblisther Vor- stellung (1858) : — Die klassischen Studien und der Orient (1850). In 1849 he was appointed py-ivatdocent in phi- losoph}' at the University of Konigsberg — the first Jew who ever received such an appointment — and was after- wards made honorary professor. He died Aug. 23, 1863. See Fiirst, Bibl. Jiuh iii, 182 sq. ; Zuchokl, Bibl. Theolo- gica, ii. 1 103 ; Kitto, Cyclop, s. v. ; Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. u. s. Secten, iii, 362; Theologisches Universal- Lexikon, s. v.; Kayserling, Bibliothek jUdischer Kanzelredner, ii, 85 sq.; Jolowicz, Gesch. d. Juden in Konigsberg (Posen, 1867), p. 130 sq. ; Ben Chananyd (1864), p. 749 sq. (B. P.)