Sab'atus (^af^aroQ, v. r. S«/3a9-oc), a (Jriecized form (1 Esdr. ix, 28) of the Heb. name (Ezra x, 27) Zabad (q. v.).
Sabazius, a deity worshipped by the ancient Phryg- ians, alleged to have sprung from Rhea or Cybele. In later times he was identified both with Dionysus and Zeus. The worship of Sabazius was introduced into Greece, and his festivals, called Sabazia, were mingled with impurities. — Gardner, Faiths of the World, s. v. See also YoUmer, Wvrterhuch der Mythol. s. v.
Sabba. See Saba.
Sabbae'us (Srt/3/3a7oc, v. r. ^af3j3aias), a corrupt- ly Gr;ecized form (1 Esdr. ix, 22) of the Heb. name (Ezra X, 31) Shemaiah (q. v.).
Sab'ban (SdiiiiaiwQ; Yulg.5«?«i?'), a corrupt form (1 Esdr. viii, 63) of the Heb. name (Ezra viii, 33) Bin- Nui (q. v.).
Sabbas, St. (Prince Rasled), a mediaeval ecclesias- tic, was born during the latter part of the 12th century. He was the son of Stephen Nemania, founder of the kingdom of Servia. Contrary to the wishes of his father, Rasteo embraced the monastic life, and, though young, was soon made abliot. He prevailed upon the patriarch of Constantinople to create a Servian arch- bishopric, and was himself the first to enjoy the posi- tion. He made an extended tour through Egypt and the Holy Land, and, on his return, died at Truava, in Bulgaria, Jan. 14, 1237. His remains were placed in tlie monastery at ^lik'chivo, but were burned in 1595 by the order of Sikaii Pasha. The 14th of January is kept in memory of this saint. — Hoofer, Xouv. Bior/. Ge- nerale, s. v.
Sabbatarians, those who keep the seventh day as the Sabbath. They are to be found principally, if not wholly, among the Baptists. They object to the reasons wliich are generally alleged for keeping the first day, and assert that the change from the seventh to the first was effected by Constantine on his conver- sion to Cliristianity. The three following i)roj)ositions contain a summary of their principles as to this ar- ticle of the Sabbath, by which they are distinguished: 1. That (Jod has re(iuired tliat the seventh, or last, day of every week be ol>sorvcd by mankind universally for
the weekly Sabbath. 2. That this command of God is perpetuallv binding on man till time shall be no more. 3. That this sacred rest of the seventh-day Sabbath is not (by divine authorit)') changed from the seventh and last to the tirst day of the week, or that the Scripture nowhere requires the observance of any other day of the week for the weeklj' Sabbath but the seventh day only. They hold, in common with other Christians, the distinguishing doctrines of Christianity. — Buck, Theol. Diet. s. v. See Evans, Sketch of the De- nominations of the Christian World. See Baptists, Seventh-day.
Sabbatati, a name applied sometimes to the Wal- denses (q. v.), from the circumstance that their teachers W'ore mean or wooden shoes, which in French are called sabots. — Gardner, Faiths of the World, s. v.
Sabbath, Jewish. The word Sabbath is, in He- brew, sluMath ', r,3'ilJ (comp. Ewald, A itsfiihrl. Lehrb. p. 400; and see on the form shabbathun, '^*\T.'Zk':i,a.t the end of this art.); in the Griecized form (jafijiaTov, or, in the plural form, ra (yaiijiara (cumji. Horace, Sat. i, 9, 69). The derivation and meaning of the word are well known. Josephus (Apion, ii, 2) explains it as a rest from all labor, dvcLTvavaig cnrb TravTug ipyov (comp. Ant. i, 1, 1). Mistaken etymologies, by those ignorant of Hebrew, are found in Josephus, Apion, loc. cit. ; Plu- tarch, Symp. iv, 6, 2 ; Lactantius, Institut. vii, 14. On Sabbath ((4r. aaiSfiara) in tlie sense of ?cfei-, sccWeek. It is clear that the word ffSpo/u'rc (2 Macc. vi, 11) means the Sabbath (comp. Joseplius, II'(/;-, ii. 8. 9).
This was the seventh day of the Hebrew week, ex- tending from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday (comp. Lev. xxiii, 32, and see Lightfoot, Nor. Ilebr. p. 312 sq.). See Day. The time during which the sua was going down was the eve of the Sabbath. See Preparation. Of course, the commencement and close of the Sabbath varied with the higher or lower position of the observer. Thus, Carpzov quotes from the book Musar this statement : " Tiberias lay in a val- ley, where the sun disappeared half an hour before set- ting ; Zephore was on a mountain, where the sun shone longer than on the plains. The people in the former, therefore, began their Sabbath sooner, in the latter later, than the rest of the nation." By a law of Augustus (Josephus, Ant. xvi, 6, 2), the Sabbath began at the ninth hour. According to the disciples of the Gema- ra, the Sabbath began and ended in all Jewish cities at the sound of the trumpet (comp. Maimon. Hilkoth Shab. c. 5). Josephus records this custom of Jerusalem ( War, iv, 9, 12). In the Temple, the trumpet was to be blown from the " covert for the Sidibath,^^ or Sabbath- roof Heb. Jfesdk hash-shubbdth, rs"^"!! "0"^'? (2 Kings xvi, 18). See Rhenferd, Opera Philol. p. 770 sq.
This day was celebrated by the Hebrews as a holy day ( Deut. v, 12), a day of rest and rejoicing (Isa. Iviii, 13 , comp. Hds. ii, 11 ; 1 Macc. i, 41), by ceasing from all labor, with their servants and all strangers, as well as cattle (Exod. xx, 10; xxxi, 13 sq. ; xxxiv, 21 i xxxv, 2 , Deut. V, 14 , comp. Jer. xvii, 21, 24 ; Josephus, Apion, ii, 39; Dion Cass, xxxvii, 17 [Philo, (?/'/>. ii, 137, ex- tends the Sabbath-rest even to plants — they were not to be eared or reaped on that day]), and by a special burnt-offering, presented in the Temple, in addition to the usual daily offering (q. v.) — which was doubled on this day — consisting of two yearling lambs, with the meat- offerings and drink-offerings belonging to it (Numb. xxxviii, 9; comp. 2 Chron. xxxi, 3 ; Neh. x, 33 ; Ezek. xlvi, 4). In the holy place of the Temple, the shew- bread was renewed (Lev. xxiv, 8 ; 1 Chron. ix, 32), and the new division of priests appointed for that week took their places (2 Kings xi, 5. 7, 9; 2 Chron. xxiii, 4). The services of the jiricsts and Levites in and about the tabernacle and Temple were not accounted labor (comp. Matt, xii, 5), and continued through the Sab- bath. Circumcision, too, as a religious ceremony, took place on the Sabbath, when that was the eighth day