SACKBUT
211
SACONAY
stood firmly on evangelical ground. God as a person and Father; the Son as Redeemer and Offering; the yoly Spirit as comforter; love to God in Christ as the spring of the Christian life — such were the elements of his theology. Though leaning somewhat towards ra- tionalism, he yet firmly opposed the inroads which Kant's and Fichte's speculations made upon evangelical doctrine. He was one of the chief movers towards the union of the Lutheran and Kef<irmed churches of Prussia, which was effected after his death. For some years he stood in the closest relations to the young Schleier- macher, and rejoiced in the promise of good which the latter would bring to the Church. When this young divine first issued his celebrated Redtn (1799), Sack openly expressed his paternal grief at what seemed to him a leaning towards pantheism in this work. In later editions many of the criticised passages were modi- fied. Sack was not productive ; he was chiefly a prac- tical worker. His published works consist of transla- tions from English (Blair's Sei-mons) and Latin (Cicero's De A micitia and De Senectule), two collections of Ser- mons, an A utohio;/raphy, and some minor Essays, See Herzog, Iieal-E7ieyM. xx, 6G2-6G7. (J. P. L.)
Sackbut is the rendering in the A. V. of the Chal- dee sahheJcu (written S<w30 in Dan. iii, 5, but XSSilJ in Dan. iii, 7, 10, 15; thought by Gesenius, Tkesaur. s. v., to be from Tj3D, to weave, from the entwined strings), which the Sept. and Vulg. render by the cor- responding aa^fii'Ki], sambi/ca, which, in fact, are mere transcriptions of the Chaldee word. The English ver- sion has evidentlj' imitated the word. The sackbut, however, is an old English name for a wind instrument (see the Bible Educator, iv, 150), but the Greek and Roman sambuca had strings (see Smith, Diet, of Class. Antiq.s.v.). " Mr. Chappell says (Pop. Mus. i, 35), 'The sackbut was a bass trumpet with a slide, like the mod- ern trombone.' It had a deep note, according to Dray- ton {Polyolbion, iv, 365) :
'The hoboy, sagbrit clet-p, recorder, and the Ante.' The sambuca was a triangular instrument with four or more strings played with the fingers. According to Athenfeus (xiv, G33), Masurius described it as having a shrill tone; and Euphorion, in his book on the Isthmian games, said that it was used by the Parthians and Trog- lodytes, and had four strings. Its invention is attribu- ted to one Sambyx, and to Sibylla its first use (Athen. xiv, 637). Juba, in the 4th book of his Theatrical His- tory, says it was discovered in Sj'ria, but Neanthes of Cyzicum, in the first book of the Hoins, assigns it to the poet Ibycus of Khegium (ibid, iv, 77). This last tradi- tion is followed by Suidas, who describes the sambuca as a kind of triangular harp. That it was a foreign instru- ment is clear from the statement ofStrabo (x, 471), who saj^s its name is barbarous. Isidore of Seville (Origin. iii, 20) appears to regard it as a wind instrument, for he connects it with the sambucus, or elder, a kind of light wood of which pipes were made. The sambuca was
Ancleni Egypuau Triangular and Grand Harps.
early known at Rome, for Plautus (Stick, ii, 2, 57) men- tions the women who played it (sambuca, or sambucis- ti-ife, as they are called in Livy, xxxix, 6). It was a favorite among the Greeks (Polybius, v, 37), and the Khodian woinen appear to have been celebrated for their skill on this instrument (Athen. iv, 129). There was an engine called sambuca used in siege operations, which derived its name from the musical instrument, because, according to Athenjeus (xiv, 634), when raised it had the form of a ship and a ladder combined in one"' (Smith). Rawlinson (Ancient Monarchies, iii, 20) thinks that the Chaldee sabbeka was a large harp resting on the ground like that of the Egyptians. See Mlsical Instku-
MENTS.
Sackcloth (pil3, sal-, from its ?ie<-like or sieve- like structure; a word which has descended pure in the Greek (jAkkoq and modern languages) is the name of a coarse material, apparently made of goat's or camel's hair (Rev. vi, 12), and resembling the cilicium of the Romans ((ien. xxxvii, 34; 1 Kings xx, 31; 2 Kings xix, 1 sq. ; INIatt. xi, 21; Luke x, 13; comp. Josephus, Ant. vii, 1, 6; Porphyr. Abstin. iv, 15; Plutarch, Su- perst. c. 7). It was probably dark brown or black in color (Isa. 1, 3; Rev. vi, 12; comp. the black dresses of the Greeks: Eurip. Ale. 440; Orest. 458; Helen, 1088; and Romans, Ovid, Metam. vi, 568; Tacit. Annal. iii, 2; Becker, Callus, ii, 289; see Josephus, Life, 28). It was used for the following purposes: (1.) For making sacks for grain, the same word describing both the ma- terial and the article (Gen. xlii, 25; Lev. xi, 32; Josh. ix, 4). Sacks are usually made of hair in the East; whence we may understand that where sackcloth is mentioned haircloth is intended. (2.) This material was certainly employed for making the rough garments used b}' mourners (Esth. iv, 21), which were in extreme cases worn next the skin (1 Kings xxi, 27; 2 Kings vi, 30; Job xvi, 15; Isa. xxxii, 11), and this even by fe- males (Joel i, 8; 2 Mace, iii, 19), but at other times were worn over the coat or kethoneth (Jon. iii, 6) in lieu of the outer garment. The robe probably resembled a sack in shape, thus fitting closer to the person than the usual flowing garments of the Orientals (Niebuhr, Be- schreih. p. 340), as we may infer from the application of the term "isn, to bind, to the process of putting it on (2 Sam. iii, 31 ; Ezra vii, 18, etc.). It was confined by a girdle of similar material (Isa. iii, 24). Sometimes it was not laid aside even at night (1 Kings xxi, 27). Prophets and ascetics wore it over the underclothing, to signify the sincerity of their calling (Isa. xx, 2; Matt iii, 4; see Wetstein, N. T. i. 384 sq.). The Apocrj'pha intimates that this habit of sackcloth was that in which good people clothed themselves when they went to prayers (Baruch iv, 20). The use of hair- cloth as a penitential dress was retained bj' the early Oriental monks, hermits, and pilgrims, and was adopted by the Roman Church, which still retains it for the same purposes. Haircloth was, indeed, called "sack- cloth" by the earl_y Greek and Latin fathers. It does not appear that sackcloth is now much used in token of grief in the East; but ornaments are relinquished, the usual dress is neglected, or it is laid aside, and one coarse or old assumed in its place (comp. Liske, De Sacco et Cinere [A'itemb. 1693]). See Mourning.