SANCTUARY
335
SANDAL
ancient, of these sanctuaries was that of the church of Wedale, a parish which is now called by the name of its village, ' the Stow.' There is a very ancient tradition that king Arthur brought with him from Jerusalem an image of the Virgin, ' fragments of which,' says a writer in the 11th century, 'arc still preserved at Wedale in great veneration.' About the beginning of his reign, king William issued a precept to the ministers of the church of Wedale, and to the guardians of its ' peace,' enjoining them ' not to detain the men of the abbot of Kelso, who had taken refuge there, nor their goods, in- asmuch as the abbot was willing to do to them, and for them, all reason and j ustice.' " — Eadie, Eccles. Cyclop, s. v. See Asylum ; Chukcii.
SANCTUARY, a name for the presbytery, or eastern part of the choir of a church, in which the altar is placed.
Sanctus, St., is said to have been a physician, and a native of Otriculum (or Ocriculum), a city of Central Italy. He was put to death with great cruelty in the reign of M. Aurelius Antoninus, A.D. about 150, and his memory is celebrated on June id,
SaiiCUS, in Old-Italian mythology (in its complete form Semo Sancus, commensurable with Fidhis), was an immigrant god who came from the Sabines to Rome and obtained a sanctuary on the Quirinal Hill. He was sub- sequently compared with Hercules, and called Hercules iSaUiius. — Vollmcr, Worleib. d. Mijthol. s. v.
Sancy, Achille Harley de, a French diplomate and prelate, was born in 1581. In early life he gave himself to study, and, having taken orders, was in a short time made bishop of Lavaur. But in IGOl he gave up his ecclesiastical life and entered the army. After tak- ing part in several campaigns, he was made ambassador to Turkey. Here his conduct was such as to bring upon him the displeasure of the Turkish government, and he was bastinadoed. This closed his diplomatic career, and, returning to France, he devoted himself and his fortune to the cardinal Richelieu. Subsequently he went to England and was in favor with queen Henrietta. He died Nov. 20, 164G. He was a man of great learning, is said to be the author of several unimportant works in his native language, and collected many Oriental manu- scripts which are now in the Richelieu Library. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biorj. Generale, s. v.
Sand (bin, chul, from its tendency to slide or roll; dfif-ioc). A similitude taken from the aggregate sand of the sea is often used to express a very great multi- tude or a very great weight; or from a single sand, something very mean and trifling. God promises Abra- ham and Jacob to multiply their posterity as the stars of heaven and as the sand of the sea (Gen. xxii, 17 ; xxxii, 12). Job (vi, 3) compares the weight of his misfortunes to that of the sand of the sea. Solomon saj's (Prov. xxvii, 3) that though sand and gravel are very heavy things, yet the anger of a fool is much heavier. Ecclesiasticus says that a fool is more insup- portable than the weight of sand, lead, or iron (Ecclus. xxii, 15). The prophets magnify the omnipotence of God, who has fixed the sand of the shore for the bounda- ries of the sea, and has said to it, '•Hitherto shalt thou come ; but here thou shalt break thy foaming waves, and shalt pass no farther" (Jcr. v, 22). Our Saviour tells us (Matt, vii, 2G) that a fool lays the foundation of his house on the sand; whereas a wise man founds his house on a rock. Ecclesiasticus says (xviii, 8) that the years of the longest life of man are but as a drop of water or as a grain of sand. Wisdom says (vii, 9) that all the gold in the world, compared to wisdom, is but as the smallest grain of sand. — Calmet. Sec Dl'st.
Sand, CiiRisTOPH vox dkn (Lat. SANnius), a Gor- man theologian, was born at Kcinigsberg Oct. 12, 1614. On account of his Socinian sentiments, and unwilling- ness to participate in the Lutheran services, he was ex- iled, and went to Holland, where he spent the greater part of his life. In later jears his religious views seem
to have changed, as he became a firm Arminian. He died at Amsterdam Nov. 30, 1G80. His principal works are : Nucleus Historic Ecclesiasticce, etc.: — Intei-pretationcs Paradoxee I V Ecangeliorum : — Confession de Fuy con- formement a rEscriture: — Scriptura Triuituiis Itevela- trix:—BibUoiheca Anti-Trinituriorum. Sand also left a manuscript work, Aucluarium Operis Vossiani de Uis- toricis Lutinis, and two shorter ones which prove his Ar- minian sentiments.— Hoefer, Xouc. Biof/. Generale, s. v. Sandacus, in Greek mythologj', was a son of As- tynous and grandson of Rhaethon, whocame from Syria to Cilicia, and there founded the town of Celenderis. He married Pharnace, the daughter of Megcssares, and by her had a son whom he named Cinyras.
Sandal occurs in the A. V. only, for the same Greek word aavSciXioi', Mark vi, 9 : Acts xii, 8 ; but it more properly represents the Ileb. hvi, ndul ; Sept. and New Test. vTrCSijfia; rendered "shoe" in the English Bible. There is, however, little reason to thiidv that the Jews really wore shoes, and the expressions which Carpzov {Apparut. p. 781, 782) quotes to prove that they did (viz. "put the blood of war in his shoes," 1 Kings ii, 5; "make men go over in shoes," Isa. xi, 15), are equally adapted to the sandal— the first signifying that the blood was sprinkled on the thong of the sandal, the second that men should cross the river on foot instead of in boats. The shoes found in Egypt probably belonged to Greeks (Wilkinson, ii, 333). The sandal appears to have been the article ordinarily used by the Hebrews for protect- ing the feet. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound to the foot by thongs; but it may some- times denote such shoes and buskins as eventually came into use. The above Hebrew term nded implies a sim- ple sandal, its proper sense being that of confining or shutting in the foot with thongs; we have also express notice of the thong CrpTb; Ijuflc; A. V. "shoe-latchet") in several passages ((Jen. xiv, 23 ; Isa. v, 27 ; JIark i, 7). The Greek term i;7ruO/jKn properly applies to the sandal exclusively, as it means what is bound under the foot; but no stress can be laid on the use of the term by the Alexandrine writers, as it was applied to any covering of the foot, even to the Roman calceiis, or shoe, covering the whole foot. Josephus (War, vi, 1-8) so uses it of the cali[/a, the thick nailed shoe of the Roman soldiers. This word occurs in the New Test. (IMatt. iii, 11; X, 10; Mark i, 7; Luke iii, IG; x, 4; John i, '27; j Acts vii, 33 ; xiii, 25), and is also frequcnth' used by ' the Sept. as a translation of the Hebrew term ; but it I appears in most places to denote a sandal. Similar ob- ' servations apply to uai'SciXtov, which is used in a gen- eral, and not in its strictly classical sense, and was adopted in a Hebraized term by the Talmudists. We have no description of the sandal in the Bible itself, but the deficiency can be suiiplicd from collateral sources. Thus we learn from the Talmudists that the materials employed in the construction of the sole were cither leather, felt, cloth, or wood (Mishna, Jeham. xii, 1, 2), and that it was occasionally shod with iron (Salb. vi, 2). In Egypt various fibrous substances, such as palin-