Sandals, as insignia of oflice. They con.sistod of a sole so attached to the foot as to leave the upper part bare. Without these no priest was permitted to cele- brate mass; but after the 7th and 8th centuries we find them exi)ressly mentioned as an episcopal badge, dis- tinct from that of the priests. They were supposed to indicate firmness in (iod's law and the duty of lifting up the weak.
Sandal-tree {Santalum album), a tree which yields an aromatic wood, much used in the pagodas for pur- poses of fumigation, and wliich is, therefore, an impor- tant article of commerce. The llindiis also grind it to a line powder, which they dilute with water taken
SANDAL-WOOD
337
SANDERS
from the Ganges until it becomes a thin paste, with wliich they mark the forehead and breast eacii day, after bathing, in accordance with the particidar worship tliey profess. — Volhner, Worterb. d. Mytlwl. s. v.
Sandal-wood. See Almug.
Sandanaiii, in Hindu mythology, is one of the five trees which sjirang from the bosom of the milk-sea when the mountain Mandu was turnetl in order to the pre- paring of the .\nirita, and which bore the fruits of pros- [jcrity and abuntlance.
Saudaiieil, in Hindu mythology, was a eelel)rated king of the Middle Kingdom, frientl to Siva, and ances- tor of the Kurus and Pandus. He fell in love with (ianga, the wife of Siva, and was punished by being turned into an ape.
Sandanigen, in Hindi! mythology, was one of the five sons borne by Drowadei, the wife of the live I'andus, to her husbands.
Sandeman, Roheut, the founder of the" Sandema- nians (cj. v.), was born at Perth, Scotland, in 1718. He studied two years at the University of Edinburgh, and then entere<l into business. He ado|ited Mr. Glas's views in opposition to all National Church establish- ments; and, taking up his residence in Edinburgh, he married one of Mr. (ilas's daughters, joined the Glasites, and became an elder in the church that was formed in that city. In ITtiO he removed to London, where he preached in various places, attracting much notice. He i'ormed a congregation there in 1762, and in 17G4 re- moved to the American colonies, where he continued till his death. His symjiathy with the mother-country rendered him obnoxious to the colonists, and his pros- pects for usefulness were in a great measure blighted. After collecting a few small .societies, he died at Dan- bury, Conn., 1771. He wrote, I.ettcrs on Tlierun and Aspusio (Edinb. 1757, 1803, 2 vols. 12mo): — Corre- spomk'nce irilh Air. Pike: — Thov(jhts on Christianity : — Sign of the Prophet Jonah: — Honor of Marriage, etc. : — On Sol(im(m''s Song. See English Cyclop, s. v.
Sandemanians, the followers of Robert Sande- man (q. v.). The leading doctrine of this sect is thus expressed in the epitaph on Mr. Sandeman's tomb in Danbury: "Here lies until the resurrection the body of Robert Sandeman, who, in the face of continual opposi- tion from all sorts of men, long and boldly contended for the ancient faith that the bare death of Jesus Christ, without a deed or thought on the part t)f man, is suffi- cient to present the chief of sinners spotless before God." He describes justifying faith as nothing more nor less than "the bare belief of the bare truth" wit- nessed concerning the person and work of Christ. This, however, could only be entertained tlirough divine teaching or illumination (see 1 Cor. ii, 14). The chief opinions and practices in which this sect differs from other Christians are their weekly administration of the Lord's su])per; their love-feasts, of which every mem- ber is not only allowed, but required, to partake, and which consists in their dining together at each other's houses in the interval between the morning and after- noon services; their kiss of charity, used on the occa- sion of the admission of a new member, and at other times when they deem it necessary and proper; their weekly collection before the Lord's supper for the sup- port of the poor, and paying their expenses; mutual ex- hortations; abstinence from blood and things strangled ; washing each other's feet, when, as a deed of mercy, it might be an expression of love (the precept concerning which, as well as other precepts, they understand liter- allj') ; community of goods, so far that every one is to consider all that he has in his possession and power lia- ble to the calls of the poor and the Church ; and the im- lawfulness of laying up treasures upon earth, bj' setting them apart for any distant, future, and uncertain use. They allow of public and private diversions, so far as they are unconnected with circumstances really sinful; ! IX.— Y
but, apprehending a lot to be sacred, disapprove of lot- teries, ])laying at cards, dice, etc. They maintain a plurality of elders, jjastors, or bisliops iiieach church, and the necessity of the presence of two elders in every act of discipline and at the administration of the Lord's supper. In the choice of these elders, want of learning and engagement in trade are no sutficient objection, if qnalilied according to the instructions given to Timothy ami Titus; but second marriages disqualify for the of- Hce, and they are ortlained by prayer and" fasting, im- position of hands, and giviug'the right hand of fellow- ship. In their discipline they are strict and severe, and think themselves obliged to separate from the commini- ion and worship of all such religious societies as appear to them not to profess the simple truth for their only ground of hope, and who do not walk in obedience to it. We siiall only add that in every transaction they esteem unanimity to be absolutely necessary. This sect in England has considerably diminished, so that in 1851 only six congregations were reported as belonging to the body, each having a very small attendance. They lirobably number less than 2000 throughout the world. See (ilas. Testimony of the King of Martyrs; Sande- man, Letters on Theron and Aspasio (letter 11): Backus, IHscovrse on Faith and its Influence, p. 7-30; Adams, View of Religions; Bellamy, Nature and Glory of the Gospel (Lond. ed. notes), i, 65-125; Fuller, Letters on Sandemunianism ; Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines, ii, 430, 431.