That a great change took place in the scholastic phi- losophy at the opening of the second period, through the rivalry and energy of the recently instituted orders of the Dominicans and Franciscans, is proved by the character and career of the great schoolmen, and by Roger Bacon's curious vitu])eration of the "youngsters" who were teaching at Paris. These youngsters — " pu- eri duorum ordinum &t\\Atn\\\xm" {Compend. Stiidii,v') — were Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and their col- leagues. The third period is rendered memorable by the names of Duns Scotus and William of Occam, and was marked by an excess of ingenuity, an extravagance of distinctions, and a perverse subtlety which degener- ated into vain and puerile captiousness in their succes- sors. It is from the diseased state of scholasticism in its moribund age that the general estimate of the sj's- tem has been formed. But there is little justice in ap- plying to the whole philosophy the reproaches merited by it in the years of its impotent decline.
For an acquaintance with the character and conse- quences of the application of scholasticism to theology, for the peculiarities of the sects of the scholastics and of the leading schoolmen, for their rivalries and their antagonisms, reference should be made to the names of the schoolmen in this Cyclopmdia ; to Nominalism, Realism, and Scholastic Tiikology.
V. Literature. — The literature of scholasticism is so extensive that it would be equally impracticable and vain to undertake to give here any adequate enume- ration of the principal works that have illustrated it. Among the chief sources of information are obviously the oj^era omnia of all the more notable schoolmen and their predecessors, from Joannes Damasceinis to (ierson and Petrus Alliacus, or even down to Philip iMelanctlion. Next in order would come all the chief historians of philosophy. Among works of more special and im- mediate interest on the subject may be named— Cou- sin, Frafjmens Philosophiques ; Phil. Scolastique (Paris, 1840); Rousselot, Etudes stir la Phil, dans le Moyen .Age (ibid. 1840-42) ; Jourdain, Recherches Critiques sur V.Age et VOrir/ine des Traductions Latines d'Ari^tofe ( ibid. 1843 ) ; Caraman, Bist. des Rev. de la Phil, en France (ibid. 1845-48); Kaulich, Gesch. der scholast. Philosophic (Prague, 1853); Haureau, Art Philosophie Scolastique (Paris, 1858); Hampden, The Scholastic Phi- losophy, etc. (Oxford, 1862) ; Erdmann, Der Entwiche- lungsgany der Scholasiik, in Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftl.
SCHOLASTICS
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SCHONIIERK
Theoloffie (Halle, 1865), vol. viii; Micliaud, Gnilluume de Champeaux et les Ecoles de Ptiris (Paris, 18G7) ; De Cupt'lv, Esprit de la PhUosophie Scolastique (ibid. 1808). (G.1<\1I.)
Scholastics. See Scholastic Theology.
Scholefield, Aksold, a TMethcidist Episcopal min- ister, was born in Nova Scotia; united himself with the Methodist Kpiscdpal Cliiirch while quite a ymitli; was admitted on trial in Mav, 1810, 1'rom which time he trav- elled and labored in the work of the ministry with great. acceiJtance and usefulness until his health failed in 1828. In 183"2 he was again reported effective, and appointed to travel on Troy district, but had not trav- elled long before he was again rendered ineffective by paralysis, and dieil in 1837. He was an able and la- borious minister of the Gospel, and very ardent in his religious feelings. His sermons were characterized by a peculiar richness and pleasing variety, and were usual- ly delivered with much pathos. See Minutes of Confer- ences, ii, 495 ; Bangs, Hist, of the M. E. Church, iii, 252.
Scholia, short notes of a grammatical or exegetical nature. Many scholia are found on the margin ol' man- uscripts, or interlined, or placed at tlie end of a book. They have also been e.xtracted and brought together, forming what is called Catena Patrum. See Commen- tary.
Scholiasts, writers of such brief notes on passages of Scripture. Many of the ancient Ciiristian fatliers wrote scholia (q. v.), which have come down to us, and show the views entertained of various portions of the sacred volume. Their value, of course, depends on the learning and critical acumen of the authors. Theodo- ret. Theophylact, and Qicumenius are among the best of them.
Schonemann, Kaul Tkaugott Gottlieb, from 1709 doctor of law and professor of philosophy at Gottin- gen, was born in I7tJG at Eisleben, and died May 2, 1802. He is known as the editor of Epistolce Romanorum Pan- tijicum et qum ad eos Scriptm sunt, a S. Clemente I usque ad Innocent. Ill, etc. (Gbttingen, 1796). He also pub- lished Bihiotheca Hist.-liter. Patrum Latinorum a Ter- tnlliano prinripe usque ad Gret/oriuni Magnum et Isidor. Ilispal. (Lips. 1792-94, 2 vols.). See Winer, Handbuch der theohij. Literatur, i, 694, 854 ; ii, 763. (B. P.)
Schoner, Johann (jOttfkied, a Lutheran minis- ter, was born Ajiril 15, 1749, at liiigheim, near Schwein- furt, where his fatiier was the past(jr of the place. He studied at Leipsic and Erlangen, and was deacon of St. Lawrence's at Nuremberg. In 1799 he was taken sick, and died June 18, 1818. He was an excellent, pious man and pastor ; and besides other hymns, he wrote the beau- tiful (Jerman hymn llimmekm,Mir hiinnielan,\\\\\c\\ has l)ecn translated by Mills, in his Horn Cermaiiioi', No. 130, "Heavenward, still heavenward." See Sonntaysbibli- othelc (Bielefeld), vi, 4; Koch, (ieschichte d. deiitschen Kirchenliedes, vi, 399 s(j. ; viii, 570 ; Knai)p, Evunyel. Liedersrhatz. p. 1344. (B. P.)
Schongauer, Maktix, called Martin Schon,a (Jer- man painter and engraver, was born about 1420, and died at (^olmar Feb. 2, 1488. The paintings attributed to this artist are very numerous, but tliere are only a few whicli can be jiroved to l>e liis work; among them is a panel in the church of St. IMartin at Colmar. As an engraver his rc[)utation was very high. His style is mucii more elevated tlian that of the other early (Ger- man artists, and many of his heads are full of refined sentiment. His Carri/ing the Cross is a masterpiece; and the Temptation of St. Anthom/ is held in high es- teem.— Hoefer, Nouv. Hioij. Generule, s. v.