After the death of Schonherr, the pastor Ebel took up the work of his master. It was a principle of the
SCPIOOL
428 SCHOOL BROTHERS AND SISTERS
whole system that the essential thing is not knowledge, but faithfulness. Upon this maxim Ebel proceeded. In the pulpit and before the nndtitude he preached onlv the common doctrines of the catechism ; but in private he gathered about his own person an elect cir- cle of the initiated. Among them were great lords and ladies, professors and students. Best iiiiown among them are pastor Diestel and the commentator Olshau- sen. These were mostly "central natures;" while the uninitiated masses were but subordinate natures. The two corresponded to the two primitive principles of be- ing, the active and the passive. But the main leader of the circle was Ebel. As the circle drew closer around him, the personal confession of every secret sin was in- troduced as a special means of ra])id advancement in holiness. This gave Ebel an almost papal power over the consciences of the circle. It proved the means of a violent outburst which took place in 1826. Many of the chiefs of the circle left it and at once began an as- sault upon Ebel. For a while Ebel was prostrated by sickness, and dropped from the public attention. In 1834 he came again before the public. But a fresh storm broke out, and very soon involved Ebel and Diestel in one of the most notorious lawsuits of modern times. The two preachers were charged with unchurchly doc- trines, immoral practices, and heresy. The trial lasted from 1835 to 1841, and resulted in deposing the accused from otfice, but in ac(iuitting them of intentional immo- rahty. The result was to entirely discredit the theos- oph}' of Schonherr. Thenceforth it has had no organ- ic existence, though isolated theologians have, here and there, studied it with more or less admiration. See, besides the works already mentioned. Die Schutzirehr (Konigsberg, 1834) ; Geyenseitige Liebe (ibid. 1834) ; Ver- stand u. Vermmft ini Biinde. (Leipsic, 1837); Diestel, Ein Zeugenverhui- (ibid. 1838); Grundziige (ibid. 1852) from Schonherr's papers ; Compos de Route ( Konigs- berg and jVIohrungen, 1857), vol. i; Life of Rudolf Stier (N.'y. 1874), p. 141, 142; Herzog, R'ecd-Enajklop. xiii, 620-647; Hahnenfeld, Z'ie reUgiuse Bewegung zu Ko- nigsberg (Leipsic, 1858). (J. P. L.)
School occurs in the A. V. but once (Acts xix, 9) as the rendering of the Greek axo\ri (from which the English word is derived), meaning originally leisure: hence, a place of tuition. See Tyhannus.
School Brothers and Sisters, collective names of numerous associations in the Koman Catholic Church, devoted to the education of the young. The tirst (the
bLhool liiuilier, iu Travelling Dress.
Ursulines) were established at Brescia, 1537. See Ig-
NOHANTINES.
I. School Brothers. — In the present article only those congregations are mentioned whose members are not priests. The most important school brotlierhoods are: 1. The " Brethren of the Christian Schools," founded by Jean Baptiste de la Salle. 2. The " Christian Brothers," founded by Kev. E. Kice, at Waterford, Ireland. These have their central house and superior-general in Dublin, and numerous establishments in (ireat Britain, Ireland, and the British colonics. 3. The " Brothers Marists," or "Christian Brothers of the Society of Mary," foinided at Bortleaux, France, in 1817, by al)be Giiillaume Joseph Cheminade; approved by pope (iregory XYI in 1839. The society was introduced into the United States by archbishop Purcell in 1849, and had in 1874 23 establish- ments in Ohio, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The " Lamennaisian Brothers," or " Congregation of Christian Instruction," founded in Brittany, in 1820, by abbe Jean de la Men- nais. They reckoned in 1875 about 800 members and 150 establishments in France. 5. The "Brothers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary," founded in 1821 at Le Puy, France, by abbe Coindrin. They started in the United States at Mobile in 1847, and in 1874 had estab- lishments in IMississippi, New Orleans, Kentucky, and Indiana. 6. The "Xaverian Brothers," founded at Bruges, Belgium, in 1839, by Theodore Jacques Kyken. They were especially intended to labor in the United States, and were introduced by archbishop Spaulding into Louisville in 18.54. In 1875 they had six schools there, one in Baltimore, and the St. Mary's Industrial .School for Boys near the city. 7. The "Brothers of Charity," foimded in Belgium in 1809, by canon P. Triest, for the education of bhnd and deaf mutes and train- ing of orphans. In January, 1874, they took charge of the Industrial School of the Angel (iuardian in Boston, Mass.
II. School Sisters. — The following are the most important of these congregations: 1. The "Ursulines" (q. v.). 2. The " Sisters of the Visitation of Our Lady," founded at Annecy, Savoy, in 1610, by St, Francis of Sales and St. Jeanne Francjoise de Chantal. In 1641, at the death of the latter, the order numbered 87 estab- lishments, and in 1700 160 establishments, with 6600 members. Its tirst establishment in the United States was in Washington, in 1808; and it had in 1875 monas- teries and schools in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Delaware, and Minnesota. It was
School Sister, hi Outdoor Dres
SCHOOL, SUNDAY
429
SCHOOLS, HEBREW
first approved by pope Urban VIII in 16-26. 3. The " Sis- ters of Notre Dame." !See Nothk Damk, Congukoa- Tios OF. 4. "Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur," found- ed at Amiens, France, in 1804, by pi're Joseph Desire Varin, Jidie Billiart, and Marie Louise Franc^oise Blin de Bourdon, and transferred to Namur, Belgium, in 1809. Its object was to educate girls of the mitlelle class; and it was approved by pope Gregory XVI June 28, 1844. It spread rapidly through Belgium, France, Great Brit- ain, and Ireland ; and the English government intrust- ed to the order the direction of normal schools for Ro- man pupil-teachers. They were called to Cincinnati in 1840 by archbishop Purcell, to Oregon by arch- bishop Blanchet in 1843, to California in 1851, and to Guatemala in 1859. In 1871 they had 82 establish- ments (20 in the United States) and 2G,000 pupils. 5. "Ladies of the Sacred Heart." See Sacrku Heakt, Ladies of the. These have as their primary object the teaching of young girls; others add the care of orphans, visitation of sick and poor, and the direction of hospi- tals. Such are (1) the " Ladies of the Incarnate Word," founded in 1625 by Jeanne Marie Ciiezard de Matel, and approved by Urban VIII in 1633. They have many es- tablishments in France, and eight in Texas. (2) Tlie " Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ," founded Aug. 16, 1849, at Dernbach, Nassau, by Katharine Kaspar; ap- l)roved by Pius IX in 18G0, and confirmed in 1870. They first established themselves in this country at Fort Wayne, Ind., August, 1868. In 1875 they num- bered 45 sisters and five houses. (3) The " Sisters of Our Lady of Charity," or " Eudist Sisters," founded at Caen, Normandy, by abbe Jean Eudes in 1641. In 1835 they became known as the " House of the Good Shepherd." See Shepherd, House of the Goon. (4) The "Presentation Nuns," founded at Cork, Ireland, in 1777, by Miss Nano Nagle, for visiting and teaching, but have since become strictly cloistered. Their first establishment in America was at St. John's, Newfound- land : and in the United States, in New York city, Sept. 8, 1874. (5) " Sisters of Mercy" (q. v.). (6) " Sisters of Charity." See Charity, Sisters of. (7) The "Gray Nuns," or " Sisters of Charity of Montreal." See Char- ity, Sisters of. (8) " Sisters of St. Joseph" (q. v.). See Appletoiis^ Cyclop, s. v. ; Barnum, Romanism as it Is.