10. A priest of the descen(iants of Bani, who had taken a strange (i. e. idolatrous) wife, and was compelled by Ezra to put her away (Ezra x, 42). B.C. 457.
11. One of the Levitical porters who did the same (Ezra X, 24). B.C. 457.
12. Son of Halohesh and " ruler of the half part of Jerusalem," who, with his daughters, aided in building the walls (Neh. iii, 12). B.C. 445.
Shal'lun (Heb. Shallun', "j^iSO, another form of Shallum, retribution; Sept. 'SaXwfiwv), son of Col-ho- zeh, antl ruler of a district of the Jlizpah ; he assisted Nehemiah in repairing the spring gate and " the wall of the pool of Has-shelach" (A.V. " Siloah") belonging to the king's garden, "even up to the stairs that go down from the city of David" (Neh. iii, 15). B.C. 445.
Shal'mai (Heb. margin in Ezra Shalmay', '''Oh'O, my thanks; text Skamlay', 'O'O^ ; Sept. ^t\aj.ii; in Neh. Saimay', '''ch'^, my yarments ; Sept. SeXjuei), one of the head Nethinim whose descendants returned with Zerubbabel from Babylon (Ezra ii, 46; Neh. vii, 48). B.C. ante 530.
Shal'nian (Heb. Shalman', '^^TU, perhaps Persian, jire-icorshipper ; Sept. 2n\ojuriv ; Vulg. Suhnmui), a name occurring but once (Hos. x, 14, "as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle"). It appears to be an abbreviated form of Shalmaneser (q. v.). Ewald, however, speaks of Shalman as an unknown king, but probably the predecessor of Pul {Die Prupheten, i, 157; see Simson, iJer Prophet Hosea, p. 287). The Sept. reading ibS for lilJS, "as he spoiIed,"renders mq apx^ov, and the Vulgate, confounding Shalman with the Zal- munnah of Judges (ch.viii), gives, from another misread- ing, « do)no ejus qui judicavit Baal, so that Newcome ventures to translate "Like the destruction of Zalmun- nah by the hand of Jerubbaal" (Gideon). Indeed, the Vatican edition of the Sept. has jk toIj o'Ikov tov lepo- fSodfji, and the Alexandrian has tK roij o'Ikov '\(poj3da\ — misreadings of the word Beth-arbel. The Targum of Jonathan and Peshito-Syriac both give "Shalma;" the former for bX2"!X r"^3 reading 3nN^3, " by an ambush," the latter 'SX r'^B, " Bcth-el." The Chaldee translator seems to have caught only the first letters of the word " Arbel," while the Syrian only saw the last two. The Targum possiblj' regards " Shalman" as an appellative, "the peaceable," following in this the tradi- tional interpretation of the verse recorded by Kashi, whose note is as follows: "As spoilers that come upon a people dwelling in peace, suddenly by means of an am- bush, who have not been warned against them to flee before them, and destroy all." See IJETii-AnuKi,.
Shalmane'ser (Heb. id. "ipXJpVj, signif. un- certain [according to Von Jioh]c\\,fre-ioorshipper, with which (Jesenius agrees] ; on the monuments Salman- uzzur, or Salman-aser ; .Sept. ^aXaj-iavaacrdp, but in
Tobit 'Evf/ifrrapoQ by some error; Josephus, 'SaXpaimrr- adpriQ; Vulg. Salmunasar) was the Assyrian king who reigned innncMliately before Sargon, and probably im- mediately after riglath-[)ileser. He was the fourth As- syrian monarch of the same name (Kawlinson, Ancient Monarchies, ii, 135 sq.). Very little is known of him, since Sargon, his successor, who was of a different fam- ily, and most likely a rebel against his authority, seems to have destroj'ed his monuments. He was contempo- rary with So of Egypt (2 Kings xvii, 4). He can scarcely have ascended the throne earlier than B.C. 730, and may possibly not liave done so till a few jcars later. See Tkjlath-pileseh. It must have been soon after his accession that he led the forces of Assyria into Pal- estine, where Hoshea, the last king of Israel, had revolt- ed against his authority (ver. 3). No sooner had he come than Hosliea submitted, acknowledged himself a "servant" of the great king, and consented to pay him a fixed tribute annually. Shalmaneser upon this re- tnrnetl home; but soon afterwards he "found conspiracy in Hoshea," who had concluded an alliance with the king of Egypt, and withheld his tribute in consequence. In B.C. 723 Shalmaneser invaded Palestine for the sec- ond time, and, as Hoshea refused to submit, laid siege to Samaria. The siege lasted to the third year (B.C. 720), when the Assyrian arms prevailed ; Samaria fell ; Hoshea was taken captive and shut up in prison, and the bulk of the Samaritans were transported fron) their own country to Upper Jlesopotamia (ver. 4-6; xviii, 9-11). It is uncertain whether Shalmaneser conducted the siege to its close, or whether he did not lose his crown to Sargon before the city was taken. Sargon claims the capture as his own exploit in his first j'ear; and Scripture, it will be found, avoids saying that Shal- maneser took the place. In xvii, 6, the expression is simply "the king of Assyria took it." In xviii, 9, 10, we rind, stiU more remarkably, "Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, came up against Samaria and besieged it; and at the end of three years they took it." Perhaps Shal- maneser died before Samaria, or perhaps, hearing of Sargon's revolt, he left his troops, or a part of them, to continue the siege, and returned to Assyria, where he was defeated and deposed (or murdered) by his enemy. According to Josephus, who professes to follow the Phoe- nician liistorj' of Menander of Ejihesus, Shalmaneser en- gaged in an important war w-ith Phoenicia in defence of Cyprus (Atit. ix, 14. 2). It is possible that he may have done so, though we have no other evidence of the fact; but it is perhaps more probable that Josephus ur Menander made some confusion between him and Sar- gon, who certainly warred with Phoenicia and set up a memorial in Cyprus. — Smith. Ewald (Isi: O'esch. iii, 315) supposes these events to have preceded even Ho- shea's alliance with Egypt, but this is improbable (Kno- bel, Jesa. p. 139 sq.). According to Layard (Xincrek and Babylon, p. 4H), he was perhaps the same with Saryon, but this is doubtful. It may yet turn out, however, that he was only a deputy or viceroy, and in that case the discrepancies in this part of the historj' will receive a ready solution. See Sargon.