Shiiker Costumes.
ner. Faiths of the World; narper\i Magazine, xv, 146 sq. ; Marsden, Diet, of Churches; Nordhoft', Communis- tic Societies of the United States (N. Y. 1875), p. 117 sq,
Shakli, in Hindu mythology, is the consort of Siva, whom he loved so greatly that despair led him to pull out one of his hairs on the occasion of her death. Her father had offended Siva, and she resented the insult to such an extent that she laid aside the body she had received from him, and was born again as Parvati.
Shakra, in Hindu mythology, is Vishnu's celebrated weapon — a circular plate endowed with reason, inflicting mortal wounds and returning to the god after perform- ing its mission of punishment. The inhabitants of the mountainous sections of Northern India still use a sim- ilar weapon, which becomes terrible in their hands. It is a plate of hardened steel, two lines thick in the centre and keen -edged about the circumference. It may be thrown a distance of two hundred feet, and will pene- trate the most approved armor. — VoUmer, Wurterb. d. Mythol. s. V.
Shaktus, a principal Hindu sect, the worshippers of Bluiguvatce, or the godiless Durga. They are chiefly Brahmins, but have their peculiar rites, marks on their bodies, formulas, priests, and festivals. They reject animal food, but sometimes partake of spirituous liquors presented to their goddess. None of them be- come mendicants. See Ward, Hist, of the Hindoos.
Shalak. See Cokmoraxt.
Shalal. See Maiier-shalal-hash-baz.
Sha'lem (Ileb. Shalem', obo, safe; Samar. D1^t5; Sept. EaXljn, Vulg. Salein) appears in the A. V. as the name of a place near Shechem, to which Jacob came on his return from INIesopotamia (Gen. xxxiii, 18). It seems more than probable, however, that this word should not here be taken as a proper name, but that the sentence should be rendered ".Jacob came safe to the city of Shechem" (CD^y -|iS? db'Ci ^p'j;> ii^"^^)- Our trans- lators have followed the Sept., Pesliito-Syriac, and Vulg. among ancient, and Luther's among modern, versions, in all of which Shalem is treated as a proper name, and considered as a town dependent on or related to Shechem. And it is certainly remarkable that there should be a modern village bearing tlie name of Stdini in a position to a certain degree consistent with the requirements of the narrative when so interpreted, viz. three miles east of Naljlus (the ancient Shechem), and therefore between it and the Jordan valley, where the preceding verse (ver. 17) leaves Jacob settled (Kobinson, Bib. Res. ii, 279;
SHALIM
612
SHALLUM
Wilson, Bible Lands, ii, 72 ; Van de Velde, Syr. arid Pal. ii, 302, 334; Schwarz, Palest, p. 151). But there are several considerations which weigh verj' much against this being more than a fortuitous coincidence. See Jacob.
1. If Shalem were the city in front of which Jacob pitched his tent, then it certainly was the scene of the events of ch. xxxiv; and the well of Jacob and the tomb of Joseph must be removed from the situation in which tradition has so ajipropriately placed them to some spot farther eastward and nearer to Salim. Euse- bius and Jerome felt this, and they accordingly make Sychem and Salem one and the same {Onomast. under both these heads). See Sycheji.
2. Though east of Nablus, Sallm does not appear to lie near any actual line of communication between it and the Jordan valley. The road from Sakut to Nablus would be eitlier by M'ady Maleh, through Teyasir, Tu- bas, and the Waily Bidan, or by Kerawa, Yanvln, and Beit-Furik. The former passes two miles to the north, the latter two miles to the south, of Salim, but neither approaches it in the direct way which the narrative of Gen. xxxiii, 18 seems to denote that Jacob's route did. But see Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 146. See Shechem.
3. With the exceptions already named, the unanimous voice of translators and scholars is in favor of treating shalem as a mere appellative. Among the ancients, Josephus (by his silence, Ant. i, 21), the Targuras of Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan, the Samaritan Codex, the Arabic Version ; among the moderns, the Veneto-Greek Version^ Rashi, Junius and Tremellius, Meyer {Aimot. on Seder Olain), Ainsworth, Reland {PaUest. and IVissert. Misc.'), Schumann, Eosenmliller, J. D. Michaelis {Bibel fiir Unffelehrl.),Tach, Baumgarten, Gesenius (Thesaur. p. 1422), Zunz (24 Bilcher, and Handirh.), De Wette, Luzzatto, Knobel. Kalisch, Keil, Lange, Philippson — all these take shalem to mean "safe and sound," and the city before which Jacob pitched to be the city of She- chem.— Smith. This view is also confirmed by the evi- dent allusion in this term to the fulfilment of the condi- tion of Jacob's vow (Gen. xxviii, 21). Hitzig (on Jer. ocli, 5) would make Shalem the name of the tower of Shechem (Judg. ix, 4(5). Comp. Hackett, Illusti-ations of Script, p. 193 sq. See Peace.
4. This question is somewhat complicated with the position of the Shalim of the New Test, (John iii, 21) ; but the two places are not necessarily the same. See Sai.im.
Sha'lim (Heb. Shadlim', dibs'tJ, region oi foxes; Sept. SfyrtXi'/f, V. r. SnaXsijU, 'Eaffa/CE/i), a region (l'"!^!!?, '•land") through which Saul, the son of Kish, went in search of his father's asses (1 Sam. ix, 4). It is identi- fied by Schwarz (Pidest. p. 155) with Shiial, near Oph- rah (1 Sam. xiii, 17). "It appears to have lain between the 'land of Shalisha' and the 'land of Yemini' (proba- bly, but by no means certainly, that of Benjamin). In the uncertainty which attends the route — its starting- point and termination no less than its whole course — it is very difficult to hazard any conjecture on the position of Shalim. The S])olling of the name in the original shows that it had no connection with Shalem or with the modern Salim cast of Nablus (though between these two there is probably nothing in common except the name). It is more possibly identical with the 'land of Shual' ((). v.), the situation of which appears, from some circumstances attending its mention, to i)e almost neces- sarily fixed in the neighborhood of Tiiiyibeh, i. e. nearly six miles north of Michmash,and about nine from Gibeah of Saul."— Smith. See Kamah.