The term "shepherd" is applied in a metaphorical sense to princes (Isa. xliv, 28; .Jer. ii, 8; iii, 15; xxii, 22; Ezek. xxxiv, 2, etc.), prophets (Zech. xi, 5, 8, 16), teachers (Eccles. xii, 11), and to Jehovah himself (Gen. xlix, 24:; Psa. xxiii, 1 ; Ixxx, 1) ; to the same effect are the references to '• feeding" in Gen. xlviii, 15 ; Psa. xx viii, 9 : Hos. iv, 16. The prophets often inveigh against the shepherds of Israel, against the kings who feed them- selves and neglect their flocks; who distress, ill-treat, seduce, and lead them astray (see Ezek. xxxiv, 10 sq. ; Numb, xxvii, 17; 1 Kings xxii, 17; Isa. xl, 11; xliv, 28; Judith xi, 15). See Pastor.
Shepherd of Hermas. A book entitled The Shep- herd, ascribed to Hermas, who is mentioned by Paul in his Epistle to the Romans, became generally known about the middle of the 2d century. For an account of its contents, credibility, etc., see Hermas.
Shepherd, Order of the Good. The "Sisters of Our Lady of Charity," or " Eudist Sisters," were founded at Caen, in Normandy, in 1641, by abbe Jean Eudes. In 1835 a modification of the rule enabling them to take charge of penitent women was introduced at Angers, the establishment there becoming known as the " House of the Good Shepherd." They were in- troduced into the United States in 1849. The "Sisters of Our Lady of the Good Shepherd," and " Sisters of the Good Shepherd," and " Religious of the Good Shepherd," are apparently of the same congregation, which, under one or the other of these names, is reported from four- teen estal)lishments in nine states. These are in New York, Buffalo, and Brooklyn, N. Y. ; two in Philadel- phia. Pa. ; Baltimore. Md. ; New Orleans, La. ; Cincin- nati, Cleveland, and Franklin, O. ; Louisville, Ky. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; Chicago, 111. ; St. Paul, Jlinn. They have Magdalen asylums for maidens, industrial schools for reclaiming young truant girls, pcotectories for young girls, reformatories for girls, and parochial schools. The number of sisters, novitiates, and lav-sisters is probably from 350 to 400, with 2500 or more penitents and girls under their charge. The '•Third Order of St. Teresa, composed of reformed penitents who remain for life," and reported in New York and St. Louis, appears to be under the supervision and patronage of this community. See Barnum, Romanism, etc., p. 328.
Shepherd, Jacob R., a Methodist Episcopal min- ister, was born near Halifax. Pa., April 3, 1788. He was converted in 1814, admitted into the itinerancy in the Baltimore Conference in 1821, and served the Church effectively until 1830, when his health gave way, and he took a superannuated relation. As his strength per- mitted, he still went about doing good. He died Sept. 4, 1846. Mr. Shepherd possessed powers of mind above mediocrity, was a good and useful preacher, and died in the faith. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, iv, 100.
Shepherd, James, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Westfield, Mass., Dec. 14, 1802. In 1833 he was received on trial into the New Eng- land Conference, was ordained deacon in 1835, and elder in 1837. He continued to labor without intermission un- til seized with an illness which terminated his life, Maj'' 22, 1855. See Minutes of A nnual Conferences, 1856, p. 41.
Shepherd, John, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, was born in Pennsylvania Nov. 7, 1789. He was licensed to preach in Illinois about 1823, and received on trial into the Illinois Conference in 1836. His ministerial labor lasted twenty-four years; and in 1860 the Southern Illinois Conference granted him a superannuated relation. He died about twenty days
after, in November, 1800. He was "a faithful minister, remarkable for his punctuality, and greatly beloved." See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1861, p. 217.
Shepherd, Moses, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was admitted into the Illinois Con- ference in 1851. Of frail health, he husbanded his pow- ers, and was thus able to somewhat extend his labors. He died (while presiding elder of the Jonesborough Dis- trict, Southern Illinois Conference) Sept. 20, 1862. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1862, p. 211.
Shepherd, Vincent, a Methodist Episcopal min- ister, was born in Wantage, Sussex Co., N. J., October, 1808. He was licensed to exhort Nov. 4, 1832 ; and as local preacher, Feb. 23, 1833. In the same year he was received on trial in the Philadelphia Conference, and appointed to Milford Circuit; in 1834 to Essex, in 1835 to Rockaway, in 1836 to Easton, and in 1837 ordained elder and appointed to Smyrna. In 1838-39 he was transferred to the New Jersey Conference, and stationed in Plainfield; in 1840, Belvidere; in 1841, New Bruns- wick ; in 1842-43, Jersey City ; and in 1844-45, Rah- way. where his health failed, and he took a supernumer- ary relation. He died July 1, 1848. Mr. Shepherd was a good preacher, a diligent student, and a faithful pastor. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, iv, 320.
Shepherd -kings, a series of foreign rulers in Egypt, whose domination must have occurred about the time of the sojourn of the Hebrews there. The relation of these two classes to each other, and to the other Egyptians, is so interesting, if not intimate, especially to the Biblical student, that our treatment of the subject under Egypt and Hvksos requires a somewhat fuller consideration of this topic. The discussion of it began as early as the days of Josephus, who, in fact, gives us, in two controversial passages, nearly all the information we possess on the question. He professes to cite the exact words of Manetho, and says, in substance {Apian, i, 14, 15), that the Hyksos (a name which he etymolog- ically interprets as meaning " Shepherd-kings") were an ignoble people, who invaded Egypt from the East (evidently meaning that they were Arabs) during the reign of 'rim;eus (a king nowhere else mentioned), and eventually established one of themselves, named Sala- tis, king at Memphis, who founded a city on the Bubas- tic arm of the Nile, called Avaris, as a barrier against the Assyrians; but that after a domination of 511 years these people were attacked by " the kings of Theba'is and the other parts of Egypt" (language which proves the contemporaneousness of the Theban line at least), who, under a king named Alisphragmuthosis, subdued them, and that his son Thummosis finally drove them out of the country. The extract from Manetho further states that these refugees were the builders of Jerusalem, a statement with which Jose- phus joins issue, as identifying them with the He- brews; but the language may, perhaps, be referred to the Canaanites who fortified Jehus in the interval be- tween the Exodus and the time of David. Josephus then proceeds to recount the kings of Egypt after the expulsion of the Hyksos, beginning with Tethmosis; and the list is evidently that of Manetho's eighteenth dynasty beginning with Amosis. In the other passage {ibid. 26), Josephus cites a story from jManetho to the effect that the Jewish lawgiver, Moses, was the same as a priest, Osarsiph of Heliopolis, whom a degraded leprous caste of the Egyptians made their ruler in an insurrection, and invited the escaped Shepherds back to Egypt, where they ravaged the country and com- mitted all sorts of atrocities. The Egyptian king un- der whom tills revolt occurred is given as Amenophis, the father of Sethos-Ramses, and the son of Rhampses, names which clearly point to Menephtah I, of the nine- teenth dynasty. The narrative goes on to state, how- ever, that as soon as Amenophis, who at the time of the outbreak was absent in Ethiopia, returned with his armv, he totallv defeated and expelled the rebels. This