SHEPHERD-KINGS
669
SHERIDAN
tolerable degree that the resolve ripened into a fixed determination. Sectional jealousies and tribal ani- mosities of this sort are proverbially hereditary, and are peculiarly inveterate in the East, where they are so liable to be aggravated by blooil- feuds. We can trace distinct evidences of such a national grudge in this case from the time when the son of the Egyptian bond- woman— who was, doubtless, no other than a captive from these " Sons of the East" bordering on I'^gypt — was expelled from the Hebrew homesteatl for mocking the son of the free-woman ((ien. xxi, 9), till Moses slew the Egyptian task-master (Exod. ii, 12). Hagar nat- urally retired to the "wilderness of Beersheba" (Gen. xxi, 14), which was part of what was known by the more general name of the desert of Taran, where her childhood had doubtless been spent, and there contract- ed a marriage for her s((n among her kindred tribes, called even then part of the land of Egypt (xxi, 21). His descendants, the notorious Ishmaelites, who roved as brigands over the region between Egypt and Ca- naan, intensified the clannish variance, which became still more sharply detined between the cavalierly Esau and the puritan Jacob in the next generation. These two representative ciiaracters, indeed, both went un- der the common title of shepherds or herdsmen, for flocks and herds constituted the staple of the property of each (xxxiii, 9) ; but the " cunning hunter of the field" evidently looked with Bedawi disdain upon his '■simple tent -dwelling" brother as a Fellah (xxv, 27 sq.). The collisions between the Philistine herdsmen and Jacob's (ver. 17-22) seem to belong to the same line of difference, and may serve to remind us that Pliilistia, as the intermediate battle-ground of the ex- pelled Hyksos in later times, retained in its military prowess and panoplied champions traces of their war- like encounters with the arms of P^gypt. The iron war-chariots of the Canaanites are especially traceable to the Egj'ptian use of cavalry, and these could only deploy successfully in the level sea-coast and its con- nected plains. The fear of encountering these disci- plined foes on the part of the Israelites in their de- parture from Egypt betrays the hereditary hostility between them. The Amalekites wlio attacked the He- brews in the desert (Exod. xvii, 8) were- evidently a branch of the same roving race of Arabs in the north- ern part of the peninsula of Sinai, and the}' repeated the attack at the southern border of Canaan (Numb. xiv, 45). The ban of eventual extermination against them (Exod. xvii, 16) was but the renewal of the old enmity. It was a caravan of these gypsy traders (in- differently called Ishmaelites or Midianites, (ien. xxxvii, 28) who purchased Joseph and carried him to their comrades in Egypt. The second irruption of the Hyk- sos into Egypt, as narrated by Joseph us, manifestly was, when stripped of its apocryphal exaggerations, merely one of the forays which characterized, or rather constituted, the guerilla system seen on various occa- sions to have prevailed on the southern border of Pal- estine, such as Saul's raid against Amalek (1 Sam. xv, 3), David's expeditions from Ziklag (xxvii, 8), and the later marauds of the Simeonites (1 Chron. v. 18-22). The date assigned to it by Josephus would be about B.C. 1170-50, or during the troubled judgeship of Eli, when the Philistines and other aborigines had every- thing pretty much their own way. This was some three centuries after the close of the Shepherd rule in Egypt, which ended about B.C. 1492, or during the judgeship of Ehud. As the route of the invading and retreating hordes was, of course, along the sea-coast, they may have marched and countermarched freely at any time prior to David's reign without disturbing in the least the current of Hebrew annals, which at that period are confined to the mountain backbone of the country and the Jordan valley.
The Shasus (whose name seems to be identical with the last syllable of Hyksos}, with whom the monuments represent the Ramessidaj as warring, were the Sj-rians
or Canaanites of this period. Others, however, read the name Khctl, i. e. Hittites.
An interesting confirmation of this chronological po- sition of the Hebrew transmigration is found in the fact that /iDises do not appearon the Egyptian monumentspri- or to the eighteenth dynasty (Wilkinson, Ancient Eiji/p- tians [Amer. ed.Jji, 380), having, in all probability, been introduced by the Bedawin Hyksos, of whom, however, few, if any, pictorial representations remain. Accord- ingly, at the removal of the Israelites to Egypt, in the early part of the Shejjherd rule, we read only of asses and wagons for transportation (Gen. xiv, 19-23) — the latter, no doubt, for oxen, like those employed in the desert (Numb, vii, 3) ; but at the Exode, in the latter part of the Shepherd rule, the cavalrj', consisting exclu- sively of chariots, formed an important arm of the mili- tary service (Exod. xiv, 7). The incidental mention of horses, however, in Gen. xlvii, 17, as a part of the Egyp- tian farm-stock in Joseph's day, shows that they were not unknown in domestic relations at that date.
Shepherds (French insurgents). See Pastou-
KEAUX.
She'phi (Heb. ShepM' , ''ti'C, bareness, hence a na- ked hill; Sept. 2a)0( v. r. 'S,io(f>dp), the fourth named of the five sons of Shobal the son of the aboriginal Seir of Edom (1 Chron. i, 40), called in the parallel passage (Gen. xxxvi, 23) Shepho (Heb. Shepho', IS'ilJ, of the same signification ; Sept. "Etixpdp), which Burrington (^Genealogies, i, 49) regards as the preferable reading. B.C. cir. 1920.