As regards the bread, many of the Eastern churches use unfermented bread in the communion. " The Greek Church adopts a leavened bread, but the Roman Church has it unleavened ; and this difference has been the cause of much controversy, though it seems easy to decide which kind was used bj' Jesus, the last supper having been on one of the ' days of unleavened bread,' when no other kind could be eaten in the land of Ju- da;a." The Protestant churches, generally, pay little regard to the nature of the elements, but use the ordi- nary bread, as well as wine, of the country. It was probably from regarding in a similar way the bread and wine as mere ordinary beverage that some of the an- cient sects gave up the wine altogether, and substituted other things. Epiphanius {flieres. 49) and Augustine {Hares. 28) mention an ancient sect of Christians in Phrygia, called Artotyrites, because they used bread
SUPPLICATIO
36
SURETY
and cheese. Others made use of bread and water only ; and the third Council of Braga (A.D. (J75) condemns a custom of communicating in bread and milk.— Kitlo. See LoKu'is Si rrKi:.
Supplicatio, a solemn thanksgiving or supplica- tion to the gods among tlie ancient Romans, on which occasion tlie temples were thrown open, and the statues of the gods carried on couches through the public streets that they might receive the prayers of the peo- ple. A sitppliratio was appointed by the senate when a victory had been gained, or in times of public danger and distress.
Supplication of Beggars is a book which ap- peared mysteriously in London about A.D. 15'27, setting forth the rajiacity and licentiousness of the clergy. It eventually came into the hands of Henry VIII, who, after hearing it read, said, "If a man should pull down an old stone-wall, and begin at the lower part, the up- per part might chance to fall upon his head," thus broadly intimating that the clergy were the founda- tions of the rotten old Church; and should an attempt be made to reform them, the whole structure would tumble down. See Burchard, Hist, of Congregational' ism. i, "26.
Supplication of Commons is a notable book published in 154t), with the full title of .4 Supplication of the Poor Cummoiis to the King. It was a sort of counterpart to the Supplication of Beggars, and made complaints against the character and conduct of the clergy, especially the monks. See Strype, Memoirs, i, 608~G21 ; Burchard, Hist, of Congregationalism, i, 33.
Supplicationes (Gr. \iTavtiai), in its original signification, is but another name for prai/ers in general, of whatever kind, that either were made publicly in the church or by any private person. The term is applied both to litanies and short prayers, with brief petitions and responses. See Litany,
Supralapsarians, persons who hold that God, without any regard to the good or evil works of men, has resolved, by an eternal decree, supra lapsum, ante- cedently to any knowledge of the fall of Adam, and in- dependent of it, to reject some and save others; or, in other words, that God intended to glorify his justice in the condemnation of some, as well as his mercy in the salvation of others; and for that purpose decreed that Adam should necessarily fall. See Sl'blapsarians.
Supramanya, a Hindii deva, son of Siva, and sprmig from the eye in the forehead of that god. He fought the giant Sura Parpma, and with the most pow- erful weapon of his father split him in two, after seven days of battle. The festival Kandershasta is celebrated in his honor.
Supremacy, Papal. The papists claim for the See of Rome, represented in the person of the pope, " a principality of power over all others, as the mother and mistress of all Christian churches;" and all other patri- archs are required tb receive their palls from the Roman pontiff. This doctrine is chiefly built on the supposed primacy of Peter, of whom the pope is the pretended successor; a primacy so far from being countenanced by Scripture that we find it there absolutely forbidden (Luke xxii, 24; Mark ix, 35). The authority of the Roman See was first recognised by the fourth Lateran Council, A.D. 1215, and was first pnttested against by the authors of the Reformation. The title of " mother of churches," claimed by the Church of Rome, must certainly belong to the Church at Jerusalem, and was given to that Church by the second Council of Con- stantinople, A.D. 381. . See Primacy.
SUPREMACY, Royal. In the Church of England all ecclesiastical jurisdiction is annexed to the crown; and it is ordained that no foreign potentate shall exer- cise any power, civil pr religious, within the limits of that kuigdom. Canon ii of the Church of England says:
" Whosoever shall licrcafter nffiini that the king's maj- esty hath not the same auUioiity in causes ecclesia.'<tical that the godly kings liad among the Jews and C'hiistiau emperors of the priuiitive Cliurch, or impeach any part of his regal supremacy in the said causes restored to the crown, and by the laws of this realm therein established, let him be excommunicated ip-w facto, and not resloreii, but only by the archbishop, after his repeutance and pub- lic revocation of those his wicked errors."
In the United States, of course, no supremacy or inter- ference in siiiritual affairs on the part of the civil au- thorities is recognised.