Sui'plice (Lat. siipirpelliceiim, over the pelisse), a long, loose linen garment worn by clergymen of the Church of England during the performance of divine service. Surplices are also worn by the fellows of col- leges or halls, and by all the scholars and students in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge upon Sun- days, holidays, and even during their attendance at the college chapels or churches. It is also worn for the service of the choir. Its use dates back to an early day. Paulinas sent a lamb's-wool coat to Severus, and Ambrose complains of the use of beaver skins and silk dresses. The white garment of the clergy is mentioned by Gregory Nazianzen, Jerome, Clement of Alexan- dria, Honorius, and Ivo of Ciiartres. The Council of Basle required the surplice to reach below^ the middle of the thigh. The (iilbertines wore a hooded surplice. At Burgos, in summer, the canons wear, instead of a cope and mozzetta (tlieir winter habit), a sleeved sur- plice raised on the shoulders. The name is first men- tioned by Odo of Paris and Stephen of Tournay, in the 12th century. The origin of the surplice is thus given by Durand : " It was so called because anciently this garment was put upon leathern coafs made of the skins of dead animals (stiprr finiica.i peUicus de pellibus mor- tuorum animuliinn furtits), symbolically to represent that the sin of our first parents, which brought man under the necessity of wearing garments of skin, was now hid and covered by the robe of Christ's innocence and grace." The name and color (white) signify holi- ness of life joined to penitence. The use of the surplice was strongly objected to by the Calvinistic and Zwin- glian reformers on the Continent, and by the Puritans in England, who regarded it as a relic of popery. The argument against it is to be found in Beza, Tractat. Theolog. iii, 29; and its defence in Wooker, Eccles. Pol- ity, v, 29. Much controversy has been held of late years as to the propriety of the surplice being worn by the preacher in the pnlpit, wliich is contrary to the more general practice of the Anglican Church. The surplice and alb (q. v.) are slight variations of what was originally one vestment. Foreign surplices are much shorter than those used in England. In Italy the short surplice is called a cotta. See Ornaments, Ecclesiastical.
Surplice-fee is a fee paid to the clergy for occa- sional duties. This seems to have been unknown in the ancient Church ; indeed, several laws were passed by the early Church commanding the gratuitous per- formance of all religious offices.
Surrogate is a name (meaning one substituted, or appointed in the place of another) commonly apidied in ecclesiastical usage to an officer delegated by the bishop to grant licenses for marriages, probates of wills, etc., in large towns. A surrogate is, properly speaking, the deputy or substitute of an ecclesiastical judge.
Sursum Corda. In the ancient service of the Church, it was the duty of tlie deacon to summon each class of worshippers separately to engage in prayer by saying, " Let us pray." Other forms for announcing the time of prayer were also used, as "Give audience," " Lift your heart" {Sursiun corda). This rite is de- scribed in detail in the eighth book of the Apostolical Constitutions, where it is said that the high-priest or celebrant at mass says. " Lift up your hearts," and the faithful respond. '' We lift them up unto the Lord." In
its English form it is found in the Communion Service of the Church of England.
Surtur, in Norse mythology, is the mighty ruler of Miispclhciui, the implacable enemy of the asas, who, in the contlagration of the universe, will lead the armies of the sons of Muspel, join himself with the serpent ]\Iid- gard and the wolf Feuris, assail the residences of the gods, besiege all the asas in a tremendous battle, and linally bring on the overthrow of the world. See Nouse Mythology.
Surya, in Hindu mythology, is the sun (not the sun- god, for that is called Indra), which in India is an oliject of worship as the celestial genius. He rides in a car drawn bv seven green horses, whose leader is called Arun. A thousand genii are in his train, who adore him and sing hvmns to him. Surya is often removed from his car. and has impressed the earth with numerous legends of his power. He has many names, among which, how- ever, tlie following twelve are chief, indicating his at- tributes in various relations, and also measurably the months: Varuma, Surya, Vedang, Blianu, Indra, Ravi, Gobasti, Yama, Svarna reta, Divakai, ^Mitra, and Vishnu (in the permanent sense of the word). Among all na- tions we Hud at the lowest stages the powers of nature, and especially the heavenly bodies, adored as mighty deities. See Uranolatky.
Sus. See Crane; Horse.
Su'sa (Esth. xi, 3 ; xvi, 18). See Shushan.
Su'sanchite (Chald. only in the emphat. plur., Susankaye', N)^:2'^vr ; Sept. "Zovanraxal-Oi ; Vulg. Susanec/iiei) is found once only (in Ezra iv, 9, where it occurs among the list of the nations whom the Assyrians had settled in Samaria, and whose descend- ants still occupied the country in the reign of the Pseu- do-Smerdis). There can be no doubt that it desig- nates the Siisia7is, either the inhabitants of the city Susa or those of the country (Susis or Susiana) of which Susa was the capital. Perhaps as the Elamites are mentioned in the same passage, and as Daniel (viii, 2) seems to call the country Elam and the city Shu- shan (or Susa), the former explanation is preferable. — Smith. See Shushan.