which are not found in Lee's edition of the Peshito, were already translated before the 4th century, fur Ephrem tlie Syrian already quotes them. Thus under the formtda o{ ytypanTai he cites Ecclus. iii,6, 7,9, 12, 13 (0pp. Grcec. i, 85) ; xi, 5 (^ibid. p. 92); iv, 7 (ibid. p. 101); with Ka^wQ ykypairTai he quotes Wisd. iv, 7; viii, 1-17 (ibid. p. 241) ; iii, 1 ; iv, 15 (ibid. p. 256) ; vii, 16 (ibid, ii, 28); Ecclus. ii, 1 he introduces with ojf i) ypacbi) (pijm (ibid, ii, 327), etc. In 1861 Lagardc pub- lished the apocryphal books of the Old Test, under the title Libri Apocryphi V. T. Syriace; Ceriani, in his Monumenta Sacra et Profuna, torn, i, published the apocalypse of Baruch and the epistle of Jeremiah ; in the 5th vol. the 4th book of Esdras; and in the 7th vol. (Mediol. 1874) he published the Wisdom of Solomon and Ecclesiasticus.
The apocryphal literature of the New Test., as far as it has been published, is given by Renan, Frafpnents du Livre Gnostique intitule Apocal. d'Adam ou Penitence ou Testament d'Adam, piiblie d'apres deux versions Sy}:, in the Jou7: As. ser. v, tom. ii, p. 427 ; by Lagarde, in Didascalia Apostolorum Syriace (Lips. 1854) ; by Cu- reton, in his Ancient Doouments, and Lagarde's Rcliquice Jui'is Eccles. A ntiquissimce Syriace, 1856 ; by H. Cowper, in the Apocr. Gospels and other Documents, etc. (2d ed. Lond. 1867) ; and by Wright, Contributions to the Apoc- ryphal Literature of the Ne%o Test., collected and ed- ited from Syi'ian MSS. in the British Museum (ibid. 1865).
Between the translation of the Scriptures and the classic period of Syriac literature there existed a gap covering about three hundred years, which is now tilled through Cureton's Ancient Syriac Documents relative to the Earliest Establishment of Christianity in Edessa (Lond. 1864). Eusebius, in his Church History, tells us that he translated the correspondence between Christ and king Abgar of Edessa, together with the narrative of the healing and conversion of that king by Thaddfeus, one of the seventy disciples, from the archives of Edessa. A part of this report has been found in Nitrian MSS. of the 5th and 6th centuries, under the title The Doctrine ofAddai (lately published, with an English translation by Philipps, Lond: 1876). From this we learn that Ad- dai, one of the seventj', converted not only the king Ab- gar Ukkama, but also a great many of the people, and built churches in and about Edessa. Addai was suc- ceeded by Aggasus, who was murdered. Besides Ag- gffius, a good many others suffered martyrdom, for which comp. Acta 3Iartyrorum Orient, et Occident. (Rom. 1748, 2 tomi, ed. Assemani).
I. Orthodox Writers. — Towards the middle of the 4th century begins the golden cera of Syriac literature, and under this head we mention Jacob, bishop of Nisibis (q. v.). Although later MSS. coi.tain something under his name, yet no genuine works are now extant. Con- temporary with Jacob was Aphraat or Farhad, sur- named the " Persian sage," the author of homilies writ- ten between 337 and 345, and published b)' Antonelli in the Armenian, with a Latin paraphrase, in 1756, but of late in the original Syriac by Wright (Lond. 1869). Prof. Bickell translated eight of these homilies into German (in the Bibliothek der Kirchenvafer [Kemp- ten, 1874 J, No. 102, 103). On Aphraat see Sas.se, Prole- gomena in Aphi'aatis Sapientis Persce Sermones Ilomi- leticos (Lips. 1878), and Schonfelder, in the Tiibinger theolog. Quartalschrift, 1878, p. 195-256.
Of greater renown was Ephrem (q. v.), who died in A.D. 373, and whose writings were translated not only into Latin and Greek, but also into the Armenian, Cop- tic, Arabic, Abyssinian, and Slavonic. Besides Ephrem, we mention Gregory, abbot in Cyprus about 390, author of epistles; Balwus, whose hymns are given by Over- beck in his S. Ephrami Syri, Babiilce, Bulcei aliorumque Opera Selecta (Oxford, 1865) ; by Wenig, in his Schola Syriaca (Innsbruck, 1866) ; and in a German translation by Bickell, in Ausgewahlte Gedirhte der syi-isclien Kir- c'henvdter (Kempten, 1872). Baloeus's contemporary.
SYRIAC LITERATURE
108
SYRIAC LITERATURE
was Cyrillonas, whose hymns were also translated by Bickeli {loc.cit.).
Towards the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century lived and wrote IManithas, bishop of Tagrit, au- thor of a martyrology (printed in Assemani's Bibliotheca) and hymns. The canons of the Synod of Seleucia (410) concerning Church discipline, and bearing his name and that of Isaac, bisliop of Seleucia, have been published after a I'aris MS. by Lamj^: Concilium /Selenci(B et Clesipfioiifi hdhitiun anno 410, ed. vert, illustr. (Louvain, ISG'J); Rabula, bishop of Edessa (died 435), authorof epis- tles, canons, and hymns, for which comp. Overbeck {loc. cit.) and Bickeli. In the year 460 died Isaac the Great (q. v.), presbyter of Antioch. His hymns are translated by Zingerle, in the Tilhingei' theolog. Qnartalschrift, 1.S70, and by Bickeli, in the Kempfner Bibliothek dei- Kirchenvdler, 1872, No. 44. The latter has also pub- lished (S. Isaaci Antiocheni, iJodoris Sijroriim, Opera omnia, ex omnibus, quotquot extant, Codicibus Manu- scriplis cum varia lectione Syriace A rabiceque primus edidil, Laiine rertif, Prolegonienis et Glossario auxit (Giessen, 1873-77, 2 vols.); see also Zingerle, Monu- menta Syriaca ex Romanis Codicibus Collecta ((Eni- )Minti, 1869), i, 13-20. Contemporary with Isaac was the monk Dada, who wrote about three hundred works (ui Biblical, liomiletical, and hagiographical matter. About the same time lived Cosmas, the biographer of Simeon the Stylite (see Biblioth. Orient, and Acta Jlcn-tt/rorum Oriental.). Towards the end of the 5th and beginning of the Gth century lived Joshua the Stylite of Edessa, author of a chronicle covering the years 495-507, which has been edited by Martin, Ch)-o- nique de Josue le Stylite, ecrite vers Pan 515. Texte et Traduction (Leips. 1876), and Jacob, bishop of Sarug (q. v.). In the work by Abbelus, De Vita et Scriptis S. Jacobi Batnarum Sarugi in Mesopotamia Ejnscopi (Louvain, 1867), three biographies of Sarug are given. More recent is Martin's Eveque-Poete an Ve et au Vie Si'ecles, ou Jacques de Saroug, sa Vie, son Temps, ses (Euvres, ses Croyances, in the Revue des Sciences Ec- clesiastiques, Oct. and Nov. 1876, p. 309-352, 385- 419. According to Martin, Sarug was a heretic, for he .says, "Jacob was born, lived, and died in heresy; he loved everything which the Church condemned, and condemned everything that the Church loved at that time." His hymns Bickeli published in a German translation in the A usgewdhlte Gedichte syrischer Kir- chenvdter. Of Sarug's writings, some were published in the Momimenta Syriaca, i, 21-96 ; ii, 52-63 ; 76-166 ; in Assemani's Acta Martyr, ii, 230; Cureton, Ancient fjocnments, p. 86 sq. ; Wenig, Schola Syr. p. 155; by Zingerle, in the Zeilschrift der deutsch. morgenl. GeseUsch. 1858, p. 115; 1859, p. 44; 1860, p. 679;' 1864, p. 751; 1866, p. 511; by the same author, six homilies were pub- lished at Bonn in 1867. Martin published in the Zeit- schrift der deutsch. morgenl. GeselLsch. 1875, p. 107-137, Disconrs de Jacques de Saroug sur la Chute des Idoles ; and ibid. 1876, p. 217-275, Lettres de Jacques de Saroug aux moins du Convent de 3far Bassus et a Punld'Edesse, relevees et traduits ; Dr. K. Schroter, ibid, 1877, p. 360, the Consolatory Epistle to the llimyaritic Christians, in the original Syriac, with notes. In the 6th century also lived John Saba, a monk, a native of Nineveh, author of sermons and epistles, published in Greek (Leips. 1770), and Isaac of Nineveh ((). v.) (see Momimenta Syriaca, i, 97-101), author of au ascetic work in seven books, and known in the Greek translation, made by Fabricius and Abraham, and given under the title Libri de Contemplu Mundi, in the llth vol. of the Magna Bi- bliotheca Patrum, where thej' are erroneously ascribed to Isaac of Antioch. With Isaac of Nineveh the list of orthodox writers is closed, and we come now to