Of greater import are the Festal Letteis of Athana- sius, long lost in the Greek original, but found in a Nitrian MS., from which they were edited by Cureton in 1846, who also published an English translation in 1848; another English translation is given by Burgess and Williams in the Library of the Eatheis (Oxford, 1854) ; they were translated into German and annotated by Larsow (Leips. 1852), while the original, with a Latin translation, is given by Mai in the Nova Patrum Bibli- otheca (Rom. 1853), vi, 1-168,
Beside? the writers already mentioned, we must name Titus, bishop of Bostra, who wrote four books against the Manichieans, imperfect in the Greek, but complete in the Syriac translation, and edited by Lagarde, Titi Bostreni contra Manichceos Libri IV Syriace ( Berl. 1859) ; Cyril of Alexandria, whose commentary on Luke has been edited by Payne Smith, S. Cyrilli Alex. Ar- chiep. Conimentarii in Lucce Erangelium (Oxford, 1858), Of the translations of Gregory of Nyssa and Chrysostora only a few fragments have been published (see Zin- gerle, Monumenta Syriaca, i. 111, 117). The Physiolo- gus, erroneously ascribed to Basil, was published (1795) by Tj'schen, Physiologus Syrus, seu Hist, Animalium xxxii in Sacra Scriptura Memoratorum, A part of the Paradise, an account of the acts and discourses of the most eminent Egyptian monks, erroneously ascribed to Palladius and Jerome, has been published by Diet- rich, Codd, Syriacorum Spedmina, qum ad Illustrandam Dogmatis de Cana Sacra, nee non Scriptui-ce Syr. Ilisto- riam facerent (Marburg, 1855).
After the 5th century the translations from Greek Church fathers gradually cease, because the Syrians from that time on either belong to the Nestorians or Monophysites. The Nestorians translated the writings of Diodorus and Theodore of Mopsucstia for excerpts from their writings (see Lagarde, ^Hofecto), while The- odore's commentary on Genesis has lately been publish- ed by Sachau, Theodori Mopsuesteni Fragmenta Syri- aca, edidit atqne in Lat. sei-ni. vertit (Lips. 1869) ; the Monophysites translated Severus's writings, whose hom- ilies were translated at the same time by Paul of Cal- linicum, and later by Jacob of Edessa. Four visitation discourses of Severus are translated into Latin from the
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Syriac by Mai in Scrijjit. Veterum, Nora Coll. ix, 742 sq. Some fragments from Jacob's translation of Severus's homilies are published by Martin, who also published Jacob's epistle to George, bishop of Sarug, concern- ing Syriac orthography ( see Jacobi Episc. Edesseni Epijstola ad Georg-ium Episc. Sanujemem de Ortho- f/raphia Syriaca; subsequuntin- ejusdem Jacobi neaion Thoiim Diaconi Tractatits de Punctis aliaque Docu- menta in e.andem materiani (Paris, 1869), to which must be added Phillips, A Letter by Mar Jacob on Syr- iac Orthoffrapliy, also a Tract by the same author, and a Discoiase by Gregorius bar-Hebr. on Syi-iuc Accents (Loud, 1869), to which are added appendices. In fine. Me mention the translation of the epistles of pope Julius I, which is given by Lagarde in his Analecta, p. 67-79, while the original Greek is contained in iNIai's 8S. Vett. Nova Coll. vii, 165, and in the Appentlix to Lagarde's Tili Bostreni. Of translations from other languages be- sides the Greek, little is to be said, miless we mention the works into modern Syriac issued from the press at Urumiah, as the translation of the Bible, of Baxter's Rest of the Saints, Bunyan's Pilgrims Progress, etc.
IV. Liturgies. — The Syrian churches are rich in sacramental liturgies. The Eastern Syrians use a li- turgical form which has been transmitted to them by the apostles of Edessa and Seleucia, Addai and Maris, while the Western Syrians use the liturgy of James, which has become the basis for the liturgical service throughout the Orient. The works which treat on the Oriental liturgies are Assemani's Codex Liturg. (Rom. 1749-66); Kenaudot, Liturgiarmn Orientt. Collectio (Par. 1716); Daniel, Cod. Lit. (Lips. 1853), tom. iv; Neale, History of the Holy Eastern Church (Loud. 1850) ; Neale and Littledale, The LAturgies ofSS. Mark, James, Clement, Chi-ysostom, and Basil, and the Church of Mal- abar (2d ed. ibid. 1869), translated with introduction and appendices.
The liturgical service {Kui-bono, " the oblation or ac- cess;" also Kudsho, " the holy ritual") of all the Syrian churches consists of two principal parts, the first being performed in the public congregation, composed alike of the faithful and the general hearers, but the second available only to the baptized, or believers. This latter part is called anaphora, or " the uplifting," a term re- ferring both to the presentation of the eucharistic ma- terials on the altar and to the devotional elevation of the mind in the communicants. Of these anaphoras, a few are the productions of Syrian fathers; the rest are versions or adaptations from the Greek. The old- est anaphora is that of James, which is the basis of that great number of anaphoras which are used among the Jacobites and Maronites. The lesser liturgy of James is an abridgment of the former by Gregory bar- llebrwus. This is used on comparatively private occa- sions, as baptisms and matrimony. To Peter, chief of the apostles, are ascribed the Jacobitic anaphoras, found by Eenaudot and by Howard in his Chris- tians of St. Thomas and their Liturgies from Syriac MSS. (Oxf. and Lond. 1864). The Liturgy of the Twelve Apostles, compiled by Luke, is found by Re- naudot, Howard, Neale, and Littledale. There are also liturgies ascribed to John, Mark, Clement of Rome, Dionysius of Athens, Ignatius of Antioch, Matthew the pastor, Xystus and Julius (bishops of Rome), and Celestine, whose liturgy Wright published {The Lit- urgy of St. Celestine, Bishop of Pome) in the Jour, of Sac. Lit. April, 1867, p. 332. To orthodox Greek fa- thers are ascribed the anaphoras of Eustathius of An- tioch, Basil, Gregory of Nazianzum, Chrj'sostom, and Cyril of Alexandria. To orthodox Syrians are as- cribed the anaphoras of Maruthas, Jacob of Sarug, and Simeon the Persian. To Greek heretics belong the anaphoras of Severus of Antioch and Dioscurus of Al- exandria.