2. The 31 onojihy sites. — Of this class of writers we mention John, bishop of Telia, whose canons were pub- lished by Lamy in De Syroi-um Fide in Re Eucharistica, p. 62-97 (see also Land, A necdota Syriaca, ii, 1G9, and Cod. Mus. Brit. add. 12,174, fol. 152) ; Paul, bishop of Callinicura, the first translator of Severus's writings; Xenajas or Philoxenus (q. v. ), bishop of Hierapolis ( Mabug ), the author of a Bible translation, commen- taries De Trinitate et Incamatione and De Uno ex Tri- nitate Incarnato et Passo (Jacob of Edessa calls Xenajas one of the four classic writers of Syria) ; Simeon, bishop of Betharsam (d. 525), author of epistles, given by Asse- mani in the Bibl. Orient, i, 346, 361 ; Peter of Callinicum (578-591), author of polemical works and hymns (see Cod. Mus. Brit. add. 14,591, p. 69) ; John of Ephesus (q. v.), author of an ecclesiastical liistory; Jacob of Edessa (q. v.), author of a recension of the SjTO-Hexa- plaric translation, fragments of which are given by Ce- riani in the 2d and 5th vols, of his Monumenta Sacra ; besides, he wrote commentaries and scholia on the Holy Scriptures (published by Philipps, Scholia on Passages of the Old Test. [Lond. 1864]), epistles (given in the Bibl. Orient, i, 479, and bj^ \Vright, in the Jour, of Sac. Lit. Jan. 1867), canons (given by Lagarde, in Re- liquue, Juris Eccles. Syr. p. 117, and by Lamy, in De Syrorum Fide in Re Eucharistica, p. 98) ; his essay on the Shem Hammephorash was published by Nestle in the Zeitschrift der deutsch. morgenl. Gesellschaft, 1878, iii, 465 sq. ; he also introduced a more correct vocalization ( see Martin, Jacques d'Edesse et les Voyelles Syriennes [Paris, 1870]); George, bishop of the Arabs, in the be- ginning of the 8th century (see Lagarde, Analecta, p. 108-134); Dionysius, patriarch of Telmachar, who, perusing the works of Eusebius, Socrates, and John of Ephesus, wrote annals from the Creation to A.D. 775, the first book of which was published by F. Tullberg, Diomjsii Telmahhrensis (Upsala, 1850), lib. i; Jolin of Dara (q. v.), author of four books on the resurrection of the body (extant), two books on the ecclesiastical and celestial hierarchies, four books on the priesthood, and a liturgy (see Zingerle, in the Tiibiw/er theoloy. Quartalschrift, 1867, p. 183-205; 1868, p. 267-285; Mo- numenta Syriaca ex Rom. Colkcta, i, 105 sq., and Over- beck, loc. cit. p. 409); Moses bar-Cephas (q. v.), author of a comraentarj' on the Paradise (published bj' Masius in a Latin translation at Antwerp in 15G9) ; besides, he wrote on the hexoemeron, an exposition of the Old and New Test., tracts on the liturgy, and seven homilies: Masius's Mosis BarcejJi. 3 Libri Comment, de Paradiso ad Jgnat. Lat. redd, is also found in the Bibl. Patr. Z,(/^(/^/«. xvii, 456 ; Dionysius bar-Calib (d. 1171), com- mentator; of his commentaries only those on the four gospels are extant : he also wrote on the incarnation and sacraments (not extant), against certain heresies (not extant), and an oration and tracts on ordination, schism, and confession (extant); John of Mardin (d. 1165) (see the Bibl. Orient, ii, 217 sq.) ; Jacob of Mai- perkin, author of a dogmatical -vvork. The Book of Treasures, mentioned by Assemani, and an address to such as are to be ordained (given in part in a Latin translation by Denzinger in his Ritus Orientalium in A dministrandis Sucramm. [Wiirzburg, 1863], ii, 106 sq.). The series of monophysitic writers is closed by a man who surpassed all his predecessors, namely, Gregory Abulfaraj bar-Hebrajus. As the literature given under the art. Abulfaraj (q. v.) is very deficient, and has of late greatly increased, we give it here by way of supple- ment. As a historian, Bar-Hebrfeus proved himself in his chronicle, which is now complete in the edition by Abbeliis and Lam}', Gregorii bar-Hebi-cei Chronicon Ecclesiasticum quod e Codice Musei Britannici Descrip- tum Conjuncta Opera Ediderunt, Latinitate Donarunt Annotationibusque Theologicis, Ilistoricis, Geographicis et Archceologicis Illustrarunt (Louvain, 1872, 1874, 1877,
3 vols.) ; that part of the chronicle which treats of the crusade of king Richard I of England is given in the original with an English translation in the Sy7iac Reading Lessons, puhVishcd by Bagster and Sons (Lond.). Of his dogmatical works, we mention Menorath Kudshi, i. e. " the lamp of the sanctuary," a body of theology ex- tant in Arabic, written in the Syrian character; Kotholo Dazeljie, i. e. " the book of rays," a compendium of theolog}', extensively described by Assemani. He also wrote Kothobo du-l)uhori, i. e. " the book of morals," a compendium of ethics, chiefly deduced from the fathers and ascetical writers, and Kothobo da-Tunoye Maphre- goni, " the book of pleasant narratives," a collection of anecdotes, stories, and sentiments from Persian, Indian, Hebrew, Mohammedan, and Christian writers, in twen- ty chapters (see Adler, L'revis Linguce Syriacm Insti- tutio [Altona, 1784]). The ecclesiastical and civil law he treats in his Kothobo da-Budoye, i. e. " the book of directions," published in a Latin translation by IMai in the 10th vol. of his Sciiptorum Veterum Nova Collectio (Rom. 1838). His Autsar Liozi, or "treasury of mys- teries"— his greatest exegetical work — is a commentary on the Holy Scriptures, and has elicited many mono- graphs. Larsow's intention to publish a new edition has not been realized. Of monographs, we mention the general Procemion and the Scholia on Job, in Kirsch Chrestom. Syr. (Leips. 1832, ed. Bernstein), p. 143, 186; Rhode, A bulpharagii Scholia in Psa. v et xviii (Breslau, 1832) ; Winkler, Carmen Deborce cxim Scholiis Barhe- breeanis (ibid. 1839); Tullberg, Scholia in Jesojam et in Psalmos Scholiorum Specimen (Proam. et Scholia in Psa. i, ii, xxii [LTpsala, 1842]); Knobloch, Greg. B.H. Scholia in Psa. Ixviii, primvm ed. et ill. (Breslau, 1852); Koraen and Wennberg, Greg. B. H. Scholia in Jereni. (Upsala, 1852) ; id. Greg. B. //. Scholia in Psa. viii, xl, xli, I (Bres- lau, 1857, ed. R. S. F. Schrciter); id. Scholia in Gen.xlix, I ; Exod. xxxii-xxxiv ; Judg. v, in Zeitschrift der deutsch. morgenl. Gesellsch. xxiv, 495 sq. ; id. Scholia on Psa. iii, iv, vi, vii, ix-xv, xxiii, liii (together with bar-Hebrseus's preface to the New Test, in the same review, xxix, 247- 303) ; id. Greg. B. H. Scholia in Jobi i (Breslau, 1858, ed. Bernstein); Schwarz, Gregorii bar-Ebhraya in Evangelium Johannis Commenturius. E Thesawo Mys- teriorum Desumptum, edidit (Gtitt. 1878); Klamroth, Gregorii Abulfaragii bar-Ebhraya in Actus Aposto- lorum et Epristulas Catholicas Adnotationes, Syriace (ibid. 1878). He was also not only distinguished as a poet and grammarian, but combined also both quali- ties in that of a grammatical poet. His short gram- mar in metre was published by Bertheau, Greg. B. H. Gi'amm. Linguce Syr. in Metro Ephrcemeo (Gott. 1843), while INIartin published the Qturres Grummaticales d''Aboulfaradj dit bar-Hebrceus (Paris, 1872, 2 vols.). Of his poems, Wolif published a Specimen Carminumpr. ed, vert. ill. (Lips. 1834), and Lengerke, Ab. Carmm. Syrr. aliquot adhuc inedita ed. vert. ill. (Konigsberg, 1836-38) ; but lately they have been published by A. Scebabi, Gregorii bar-IIebrcei Carmina Correcta, ac ab eodem Lexicon Adjunctum (Rom. 1877). See Moxo-