L Nahardea. — With this school we first become ac- quainted towards the close of the 2d century. Nahar- dea was situated on the Euphrates, and for a time she was file Babylonian Jerusalem. While the Temple was yet in existence, this place had the treasurj'of the Baby- lonian congregations for the Temple-offerings which were brought to Jerusalem (Josephus, .4«^ xviii, 12). The first rector at Nahardea was K. Shila, who was succeed- ed by Mar-Samuel, the astronomer (also called Arioch and Jarchinai ), in A.D. 190-247. His disciples were Nachman ben-Jacob, Sheshet, Rabba ben-Abbuha, and Joseph ben - Chama. When Nahardea was sacked in 259 and the academy broken up, they migrated to
2. Machusa, a town on the Tigris, about four hours from Ctesiphon, where a new academy was founded. Rabba ben-Abbuha promoted this school of learning by his lectures, and Machusa attained some celebrity. Ten years (A.D. 303) after Rabba's death, the city was de- molished by the Romans in the war under Julian. The most famous schools, however, were those at
3. Pumbaditha and Sora, Avhere the Amoraim at- tained great renown. The teachers of these schools having alreaily been mentioned in the arts. Pumba- ditha and SoHA, we need only to refer to them. Of the names mentioned, we have only given the most prominent, which, in part, are already given under the respective letter, or will be treated, so far as omitted, in the supplement volume.
IV. Literntvre.-\MZza.no, 3^X1^X1 d"iX3n 110 (Prague, 1839) ; Liber Juchasin, ed. Filipowski (Lond. 1857); Frankel, Ilodegetica in Miscfiiunn (Lips. 1859 [Heb.]) ; Weiss, Zur Geschichte der jiidischen Tradition (Vienna, 1872-77, 2 vols. [Heb.J) ; Chiarini, Le Talmud de Babi/lo7ie (Leips. 1831), i, 105 sq. ; Bacher, Die Af/ada der babylonischen Amoraer ( Strasburg, 1878). The Talmudists whose names are mentioned in the treatise Baba Metsia are given by Sammter in the appendix to his German translation of Baba Metsia (Berlin, 1879), p. 160 sq. See Scribp:. (B. P.)
Talochon, Marie Vincent, better known by his clerical name. Fere Elysee. was a French surgeon, born in January, 1753, at Thorigiiv, and reared among the Brothers of Charity at Paris, whose order he entered Jan. 30, 1774. He was engaged in various pulilic and benevolent enterprises, and died in Paris Nov. 27, 1817. See Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generule, s. v.
Tal'sas (2aX^«e v. r. 2a\(irte, Vnlg. Thalsas), a corrupt GriEcism (1 Esdr. ix, 22) for the name Elasaii (q. v.) of the Hebrew list (Ezra x, 22).
Tam, Jacob bex-Meir, better known in Jewish lit- erature luider the name of Rahenu Tam, was born at Remers, France, about 1100, and died in 1171. He was a grandson of Rasln (q. v.), and youngest brother of Rashbam (q. v.), and was famous not only as a Talmud-
TAMA
192
TAMAR
ist, grammarian, and commentator, but also for liis pie- ty, for which he obtained the appellation Tarn (CFl), in allusion to Gen. xxv, "27, where his namesake Jacob is denominated 7«w = iiious (nO ir"'J< -p"J|'). Under the title of "i^IJin "iSD, '• the book of the righteous," he wrote additions on tliirty treatises of tlie Talmud, pub- lished at Vienna in IJSll. Sup|)lements are given by Luzzattofrom an old IMS. in the Kerem Chemed (I'rague, 1843), vii, 19 sq.; m^ran'^. D'^.bS'J "IC", i.e. ten Talmudic decisions, also given by Luzzatto (Inc. cit.) ; C^*a"-n ■i;2ST"2 b" n~3n?2, i.e. a poem on the He- brew accents, consisting of forty- five stanzas, five of which were first published by Luzzatto {loc. cit.), and the whole forty-five of which appeared in the following work: mjJiznriD, or grammatical and lexical ani- madversions, designed to reconcile the differences of Dunash ibn-Labral and IMenachen ben-Saruk on points of grammar and exegesis (first published by Filipowski, Loud. 1855) ; mm ^33 "ppn, or TO mzbn, or CIEIO "I'pr, a guide for transcribing JISS. of the Bible, in MS. extant; "J 2n "^'JITB, or a grammatical commentary on the Bible, which has not yet come to light, but is quoted by commentators, lexicographers, and grammarians. E. Tarn also enriched the Jewish ritual with some pieces, as the CSTS li'^iS'' (i. e. " these words are true," etc.), in the Machser Ashkenazim, and used after the haphtarah for the second day of Pen- tecost. See FUrst, Bihl. Jucl. iii, -lOG scj. ; De Kossi, IH- zionario Storico (Germ, transl.), p. 300; Kitto, Ci/clop. s. v. ; Griitz, Gesch. d. Jiiden, vi, 19(j sq. ; Braunsehwei- ger, Gesch. d. Juden in den rommnschen JSiaateti (Wiirz- burg, 1865), p. 85; Geiger, Pmshimdafhd (Leips. 1855), p. 24 sq. ; Kalish, Hebrew Grammar (Lond. 18(13), ii, 27; Zunz, Synaf/ogale Poesie (lierlin, 1855), p. 248; id. Literatiirgeschichle ziir synaynfjalen Poesie (ibid. 18G5), p. 2(35-267; id. Ziir Literafur uiid Gesckicli/e, )). 32, 109; Kapap<irt, in Kerem Chemed (Prague, 1843), vii, 1-3; Luzzatto, i7;j(7, p. 19-34,35-53; Laniishutli \\j.'\, A niude Ihuiboduh (minrn '>-^^•Z'J) (Berlin, 1857), i, 106 sq. (B. P.)
Tama {Kethib in 1 Kings ix, 8). See Tadmor.
Ta'mah (Heb. rrcn, Te'mach; in pause, n^n, Tu'- mach, Itiufihter [Gesen.], or combat [Fiirst] ; Sept. B/j/id, Qt^ia ; Vulg. Tkemu), the name of a man whose tle- scendants (or rather a place whose inliabitants) return- ed among the Nethinim from the captivity with Zerub- babel (Ezra ii, 53, " Thamah ;" Neh. vii, 55).
Ta'mar (Heb. "ITDR, Tamar', a palm-fiee, as often ; Sept. Hai-iap [v. r. 0»//<(7p], but Qaifxcn^ in Ezok. ; Jo- sephus, iianapa, A tit. vii, 3, 3 ; 8, 1 ; 10, 3 ; Y idg. T/ia- mar), tlie name of one place and of three remarkable women in Old-Test, history. See also Palji.