4. Tamid, ch. v, 5 1 : Sotah, ch." vii, § 2, 6 ; Numb, vi, 22-2".
5. Yaddim, ch. iii, 5 4, Numb, x, 3.*). 36.
6. Holah, ch. vii, § 7, Dent, xvii, 14-20; Nnnih. v, 11-31 ; xix, 1-22; Deut. xxi, 1-9; xxvi, 1-11 ; xiv, 22-27 ; xxvi, 12-15, xxv, 5-10, and many others.
In the Gemara the following parashas are mentioned :
7. Shahbath, fol. 11.^ col. 2 ; fol. 116, col. 1, Numb, x, 3.5, 30. S. Iicrakiifh, fol. 12, col. 2, states that "every piujisha
which Moses divided we also divide; and any one which he did not divide, neither do wt-," in reply to the question why the verse S'^D to Ijw^p (Numb, xxiv, 9) wms not taken out from the Ions; section (ch. xxii-xxiv) and used for the prayer Shema Inracl, i. e. " Hear, O Isniel."
9. Ibid. fol. 63, col. 1, Numb, vi, 1-6; v, 11-31, are men- tioned.
10. Gittin, fol. 60, col. 1, Lev. xxi, 1-24 : Nnmb. viii, 5-22 ; ix, 0 sq. ; V, 1-4 ; Lev. xvi ; x, 8-11 ; Numb, viii, 1-4 ; xix sq., are mentioned.
That some of these were open, some closed, we read in Shahbath. fol. 103, col. 2; Menachoth, fol. 30, 31; Jeru- salem Mef/iltah, fol. 71, col. 2; and in Sopherim, i. 14, we also read that the ojien section is an empty space, the width of three letters, at the beginning of a line, and the closed is as much in the middle of a line.
8. The larf/er sections, marked in our Bibles by E S 3 and ODD, are not mentioned in the Talmud.
9. Ilapihtarahs. — After the reading of the law in the synagogue, it was also customary from an early period
TALMUD
189
TALMUD
to read a passage from tlie prophets (comp. Acts xiii, 15, '27; Luke iv, 66 sq.), aiul \vith that to dissolve the meeting (Xviii' t))i' crrvaycoyi]!; Acts xiii, 43; lleb. "i^USn); hence the reader who made this conclusion was called T'aS'O, and the proplietic passage read niU3n. The Mishna repeatedly speaks of the Ilapli- tarahs {ifff/illtih, ch. iv, § 1-3, 5, 10), and as early as in the Gemara {Meffillah, t'ol. 29, col. 2 ; fol. 31, col. 1), sev- eral Haplitarahs are named. Yet in general they can- not then have been fixed determinately, and even now different usages prevail among the Jews of different countries, as may be seen from the table given in the art. Haphtar.vh, for, as Zunz says, "our present order is the work of later centuries."
10. Various Readings. — The various readings so fre- quently found in the margins and foot-notes of the He- brew Bibles, known as Keri and Kethib (S^riDl '^"'pj pi. '(13T31 "("^"Ip), are very ancient. The Talmud traces the source of these variations to Moses himself, for we are distinctly told in Nedarim, fol. 37, col. 2, that " the pronunciation of certain words according to the scribes (D"'"1B10 N^p''2), the emendations of the scribes (D^TSIO "1113"), the not reading of words which are in the text ("^"Ip X31 3^713), and the read- ing of words which are not in the text (X3T "^"ip 2"'n3),etc.,arealawof Mosesfrom Sinai (tlC^b ii:;bn ^3^D^)." We here mention some of the Talmudic pas- sages which have reference to these readings :
Gen. viii, IT, Kethib N^IH, but Keri N^Jin {Bereshith
Rabba, ad loc. sect, xxxiv, fol. 37, col. 3). Lev. xxi, 5, Kethib nn"ip% but Keri lirnp"! {Makkoth,
fol. 20, col. 1). Lev. xxiii, 13, Kethib nrOSI, but Keri 13031 (Menachoth,
fol. S9, col. 2). 1 Sam. xvii,23, Kethib mirTa^, but Keri niD"i5?2?3 {So-
tah, fol. 42, col. 2). Hag. i, 8, Kethib ^3DX1, but Keri f^^^DX (Toma, fol. 21,
col. 2).* Esth. ix, 2T, Kethib bspl, but Keri ibnpl (Jerusalem
Berakoth, fol. 14, col. 3). \
Eccles. ix, 4, Kethib "ins"^, but Keri "i3n^ (Jerusalem
Berakoth, fol. 13, col. 2). Job xiii, 15, Kethib xb, but Keri lb {Sntah, ch. v, 5 5).
Prov. xxxi, IS, Kethib b^bl, but Keri tlb^ba {Pnikta, ed.
Buher [Lyck, 1S6S], fol. 65, col. 1). Isa. Ixiii, 9, Kelhib xb, but Keri lb (Sotah, fol. 31, col. 1 ;
while Taanith, fol. 16, col. 1, reads lb).
To these variations belongs also the substitution of eu- phonisnis for cacophonisms. See the art. Keri and Kethib, § 8.
For the most part the rabbins follow the reading of the "^"ip, often that of tu 2TID, especially when thev can elicit a new interpretation from the reading of the S^riD ; thus, e. g., Kuth iii, 3, they interpret the reading of the n-^PD. ■^m-l-'l, while the ■'"ip reads nTli1 {Midr. Ruth Rabba, sect. v. fol. 43, col. 3 [Cracov. 1588, fol.]). The reading according to the 2TD is cited in Chullin, fol. 68, col. 1, from Lev. ii, 2 and 2 Sam. xxiii,
* As this passage is very interesting, we give it in full: "R. Samuel bar-Eiiia sailh. Why has the Kethib la:X1 and the Keri m33X ? What is meant by the absence of the n ? It is because of the five things which made the difference between the first and second Temple, viz., the ark with the lid and the chei-nbim upon it; the fire (from heaven, comp. 2 Chron. vii, 1), the ■'^hechinah, the holti Gko.st, and the Urhn and Thtimmim." In tlie Mhlrnsh Rabba on the Song of Songs, viii, 8, whe?e the same thing is recorded, the holy nil (Dn'IJIDn ""CTr ) is .substituted for the Shechinah, as one of the five things, fol. 26, cul. 1 (ed. Stettin, 1863).