A more creditable work was the conversion of the Bulgarians, which was accomplished by the Thessalo- nian monks Cyril and Methodius in 862. The empress, however, was not permitted to see this success. Her son Michael HI compelled her to resign the regency, and incarcerated her in a convent, where she died of grief in A.D. 855 (see Dalhcus, I>e Imayinibus [Lngd. 1642]; Spanheim, Hist. Imayimnn Restitutu [ibid. H)86]; id. 0pp. vol. ii; Schlosser, Gesrh. der bilder- stiirm. Kaiser, etc. [1812"]; ISIarx, Bilderstreit der by- zant. Kaiser [ 1839 ] ; Walch, Ketzergesch. pt. x, xi ; Schriickh, Christl. Kirchenyesch. vol. xx; Gieseler. A'?V- c/icnyescli. [4th ed.], ii, 1, 9J. — Herzog, Real-Eucyklojj.
THEODORE
319
THEODORE
Theodore (TheodGrus), S/., of the 4th century, was a Syrian or Armenian, or of Amasea as some more definitely state. Gregory of Nyssa relates that Theo- dore joined the Roman army (thence called tiro) when Maximin and (Jalerius were persecuting the Christians, but was himself denounced. His youthful appearance won for him three days' respite, at the end of which he was to die unless he should recant. While engaged ill earnest prayer, a Christian disguised as a soldier, named Didymus, approached and exhorted him to tlee, which he did. Didymus was thereupon seized as a Christian and condemned to decapitation. Theodore returned and steadfastly endured horrible tortures un- til he died by fire. His body was rescued by Chris- tians, and is reported to have been brought to Brindisi in the r2th century, while his head is said to be still preserved at Gaeta. Gregory pronounced a eulogy in his memorv. The Greek Church dedicates to him Feb. 17, the Latin, Nov. 9. See Girrj. Ni/s$ce Op]). (Par. IGI.J), ii, 1002 sq.; llerzog, Reul-Enci/klojj.s. v.
Theodore, archbishop of CANTEiinu'RY, succeeded Deusdedit, who died in the year 6(5-1. When the elect- ed Anglo-Saxon presl)yter Wigheard died in Home, where he had gone to receive ordination, pope Yitalian declared that he intended to send a worthy substitute. The Koman abbot Hadrian, a native of Africa, refused to be elected, and called attention to Theodore of Tar- sus as a man well qualitied in every respect for that po- sition. In March, 668, he left Kome for his new post, and was accompanied by Hadrian, who was to act as his adviser, but who, in fact, was to see that nothing of the Roman ritual was replaced by the Greek. Theo- dore acted in the spirit of Rome ; he founded monas- teries and schools, and died Sept. I'J, 690, in London. His corpse was the first buried in St. Peter's at York. He left a penitential book and a collection of canons (reprinted in the collection of Latin penitential books of the Anglo-Saxons by Kunstmann [Mayence, 1844]). See the Introduction to Kunstmann's collection ; Bax- niann, PolitiJc der Pdpsfe, i, 180, 184 ; TheokKjisdies Uni- versal-Lexikori, s. V. (B. P.)
Theodoi'e, surnamed Graptus, a monk of St. Saba who is somewhat prominent among the monkish mar- tyrs of iconolatry. He was born at Jerusalem, attained to the rank of presbyter, and was sent by the patriarch Thomas of Jerusalem to Constantinople about 818 to labor in defence of the images. In the execution of this purpose he remonstrated so vehemently to the em- peror's face that Leo the Armenian caused him to be scourged and transported to the coast of Pontus. Three years later he was pardoned, but again imprisoned and banished, this time by Michael the Stammerer. The next emperor, Theophihts, caused him to be scourged and carried to the island of Aphusia. Having return- ed after several 3'ears and renewed his passionate advo- cacy of image-worship, he was threatened and tortured, and finally banished as incorrigible to Apamea. But few writings are ascribed to him ; among them are a disputation of the patriarch Nicephorus, given in Combe- fis, Ori(/. Constantinop. p. 159 : — a letter by John of Cyz- icura narrating the sufferings endured under Theoph- ihis, also in Combefis: — a manuscript, De Fide Ortho- doxa contra Iconomachos, from vvhicli a fragment is giv- en in Combefis, p. 221. See Vita Theod. (Jr. in Combe- fis, p. 191, Latin by Siirius, Dec. 26; and comp. the no- tices in Cave, and Walch, Gesck. d. Ketzereien, x, 677, 717. — Herzog, Real-Eiicijkloj^. s. v.
Theodore Lector {the Render), a Church histo- rian in the Ivtst, was reader in the Constantinopolitan Church in or about the year 525. He furnished an ab- stract of the history from the twentieth j-ear of Con- stantine to the accession of Julian, taken from the works of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, which is known under the name Historia Tripartita, and is still extant in manuscript form. Valesius published so much of its contents as was found to vary from Theodore's
sources. A second and more important work begins an independent record at the i)oint where the history of Socrates ends, and carries it forward to the year 439. Neither of these works can be regarded as a completed whole, and between them is an untouched space of sev- enty years. The latter history, which was couiained in two books, has been lost; but extended fragments have been preserved in John of Damascus, Nilus, and especially Niceiihorus Callistus, and published by Robert Stephens and Valesius. Tiiese remains show that the histories of Theodore contained much important matter in relation to politics and the progress of the Church. Comp. the literary notices in Cave, Fabricius, Hamber- ger, and Stiludliu-Hemsen, Gesch. v. Lit. d. Kirchcn- (jesch. p. 76. Editions : Stephanus, 'Ek r/Jf tKKXijcria- OTiKijQ idTopiac QioSwpov drayi'wffTov t'/cXoyai, cum Eusehio (Par. 1544); Reading, Excerpta ex Eccl. Hist. Theod. Lect. et Fragmenta alia II. Valesio Interpr. cum Theod. Historia (Cantabr. 1720).— Herzog, Reul-Ency- klop. s. V.