4. Nathaniel W. Taylor's view of the non-preventa- bility of sin, his doctrine of the basis of virtue, and his metaphysical explanation of the Sacred Trinity. See Taylor.
5. The perfectionism of Prof. Finney. See Chris- tian Perfection ; Oberlin Theology.
6. Dr. Edward Beecher's doctrine that all the descend- ants of Adam have enjoyed an equitable probati<in in a previous state of being, and that they are born under the curse of original sin on account of having sinned in that pre-existent state. See his Conflict of Ages and Concord cf Ages. See Pre-Ii:xistence.
7. Dr. Horace Rushnell's view of Christ and of the Sacred Trinity, of revelation, sin, and the atonement. See literature below.
V. Literature. — 1. In General. — Memoirs and Worhs of the Edwardses, Bellamy, Hopkins, Stephen an<l Samuel West, Samuel Spring, John Sraalley, Emmons, Dwight, Leonard Woods, N. W. Taylor, Bennet Tyler, Lyman Beecher, Horace Bushnell, and others above mentioned ; Park, Essay on the Dei-elojnnent of the Edwardean Theory of the A tonement (prefixed to his collection of Discourses and Treatises on the Atonement by Edwards, Smallcy, Maxcy, Emmons, Griffin, Burge, and Weeks) ; Woods, Old and Xew Theology (from an Old-school Presbyterian stand]Kiint) ; Hodgson [Jleth.], Aew Divimty Exam- ined; Fisk [Meth.J, The Calcinistic Controversy; Ellis [ Unit.], Fifty Years of the Unitarian Contro^-eisy ; Fiske [Cong.], Neiv Eng. fheol. in Bibl. Sac. xxii, 477, 568; Lawrence, in Amer. Theol. Rev. May, 1860; Bibl. Sac. and Princeton Bibl. Repertory, 1851-52, SinAjwssim ; The Church Review, ii, 89 ; v, 349 ; Smith, Church History in Tables, p. 78; Ueberweg, Hist, of Phil. (Amer. ed.), ii, 443-460; Sherman, New England Divines; Sprague, A nnals.
2. The Pre-Edwardean Period. — See Sprague, .4 nnals, vol. i; Cotton, John; Davenport, John; Mather, Cotton, Increase, and Richard; Stoddard, Solo- mon; WiGCiLESWOKTH, EdWARD.
3. Jonathan Edwctrds and his Theology. — Reviews of his work on the Will bv Dr. James Dana (1770). J. Dav (1841 ), A. T. Bledsoe (1845), D. D. Whedon (1859) ; Oli- ver Wendell Holmes's art. in the Inteiiuitional Rev. Juh', 1880. The Bibliotheca Sac7-a will give some of Ed- wards's yet unpublished manuscripts in 1881. One cm Trinity and Redemption, ed. by Smyth, N. Y. 1880. See Edwards.
4. Hopkins and TTophinsianism.- — Memoir and Woris, 3 vols. ; Bibl. Sac. ix, 174 sq. ; x, 63 sq. ; xix, 633 ; Ely, Calvinism and Ilopkinsianism. See Hopkins. Samuel.
5. Emmons and Emmonsism. — Memoir and Works, 6 vols. ; abstract of his theology in Bibl. Sac. vii, 254 sq., 479 sq. ; see also ix, 170 sq., and xxii, 467 sq. ; Smith, Faith and Philosophy, p. 215-263.
6. Taylor and Taylorism. — 3Iemoir and Woi'ls, 4
THEOLOGY, PRACTICAL 331
TIIEOPASCHITES
vols.; Bihl. Sac. xvii, 355 sq., 452 sq. ; Lord, in the Evang. Mag. 1832-36; Tyler, Letter to T)r. 1 1 awes; es- says in Christian Spectator and Spirit of il/issions, f)as- sim ; Pigeon, Neiv Haven Theo/of/g,\n Lit. and Theol.Re- view, V, 149 sq. ; vi, 121, 280, 557 ; Fislier, Discussions in H istonj and Theology (1880), p. 285 sq.; Tliasher, Taylor- ism Examined (1834, 12mo); Meth. Quar. Rev. Oct. i860, 1862; New-Englander, 1859, 1860.
7. Bushnell and Bushnellism. — Life and Inters; Works, especially God in Christ: — Forgiveness and Law : — Vicarious Sacrifice; TurnhwW, Review of Bush- nell's Theories ; Hovey, God ivith Us, an Exam, of Bush- nelVs Vic. Sac. ; Bartol, Principles and Portraits, p. 366 sq. ; The Neic-Englander, ii, 309, 440 ; v, 6; Meth. Quar. Rev. 1866.
8. New Divinity in the Presbyterian Church. — Memoirs and writings of Kev. Albert Barnes; Beman, On the Atonement; Yivi'XicXA, Regeneration ; Whelpley, Trian- gle; E. S. Ely, E. D. (iriffin, etc.; Hodge, Essays and Rerieivs ; Bibl. Sac. xx, 561. See Pkesbytkrian Chukch, Nkw-school.
9. Tlie '-Old SchooP in Kev England Theology. — Tyler, Memoir and Lectures ; Woods, Works (6 vols.) ; Burton, Essays ; Fisher, Discussions in History and Theology, p. 227 sq.; Bibl. Sac. xx, 311 sq.; xxx, 371 sq. ; Par- sons Cooke, New Engla7id Puritan ; Recorder, etc. (W. F. W.)
THEOLOGY, Practical. See Practical Theol- ogy.
THEOLOGY, Scholastic. See Scholastic The- ology.
THEOLOGY and Science. See Science and Re- ligion.
THEOLOGY, Speculative. This title has come into use, particularly in Germany, to designate that method in systematic theologj- which, availing itself of all the helps subsidiary to theology, collects its material under the guidance of a pliilosophical, or speculative, survey of the tield, and combines it into a systematic whole.
1. The necessity for such a term is shown by the fact that neither systematic theology nor Christianity itself can be compressed within the compass of a system of prac- tical iloctrines only. Christianity is designed to benefit the entire man, his intellect as well as his feelings and will. Indeed, Christian piety is based on the truth ; and Christianity is the revelation of the truth and the abso- lute religion. To attain a direct objective knowledge of God, as distinct from the indirect knowledge obtained from the contemplation of his works, etc., is evidently the work of specidation ; and the same is true of that defence of Christianity which not only undermines the arguments of assailants, but establishes the reasons for Christianity in truth.
2. The material of speculative theology is gathered from the realm of experience everywhere, mundane and supermundane, and more directly still from the Christian faith. The task of speculative theology is to combine the experimental facts of the religious life into a harmonious system in which thought and scientific knowledge are the other elements. Its method is to seize on the historical facts connected with Christianity and trace them up until it arrives at the great central fact — the divine life incarnated in the person of Jesus Christ. Faith, by which we mean an immovable foot- ing on the truths and realities of Christianity, is there- fore a prerequisite for this science; but this can never become fanaticism, because the science is equally based on the safe ground of known historic fact.