Christianity is specially adapted for speculative treat- ment by reason of its possessing a point of internal unity which combines both idea and fact, God and man, and therefore concentrates in itself the power to overcome all contrasts. The ancient Church correctly tixed that point in the incarnation of the Logos (Ignatius, Irenreus, Origen, Athanasius, (Gregory of Nyssa). The dangers
of speculation in theology are well illustrated in the in- tellectualism of contemplation as displaye<l in the East- ern Church. The more practical and ethical tendency of the West served to complete, and, to some extent, cor- rect, the Eastern intellectualism. Tertidlian and Au- gustine gave themselves to practical speculation ; but Ansclm was the father of genuine Christian speculation {Cur Deus Homo ?). Aquinas and Duns Scotus, though inferior to him, rendered good service in the same field. The Keformation was concerned rather with the dis- tinctively religious than the speculative interests of Christianity, though Anselm's ideas were carried for- ward and established in its progress. Not until after fundamental inquiries into the philosophy of knowledge and into the facts connected with God and the world which we possess had been made was it entirely possi- ble to utilize, for speculative purposes, the treasures of Christianity for defence, attack, and positive develop- ment. The fruitage of such investigations may be seen in the works of Schleiermacher, Daub, Marheinecke, Kothe, iMartensen, etc. See Philosophy'.
LTpon the whole subject consult Baur, Christl. Gnosis (1835); Kitter, Gesch. d. christl. Philosophic (1841-51, 6 vols.). See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Theoniancy (OtoC) God, and iiavnia, divination'), a kind of divination drawn from the responses of the oracle among heathen nations.
Theonas, or Theon (see the extract from Philo- storgius given by Photius), was bishop of Marmarica, in Cyrenaica, in the 4th century, and one of the most de- voted adherents of Arius. The synodal circular given in Athanasius, i, 398 sq. (ed. jMontfaucon), from bishop Alexander, which mentions the earliest measures taken against Arius, contains the names of Theonas and his colleague and neighbor Secundus of Ptolemais. The circular referred to indicates that both Theonas and Se- cundus had been deposed ; but it would seem that the deposition was not enforced, since they appeared at the Council of Nice in the character of qualified members. They achieved notoriety in that synod by resisting the Homoousion more firmly even than did their leaders, Eusebius and others; and as they refused to unite in the condemnation of Arius, they were again deposed and banished. Philostorgius (i, 2, 1) states that Theonas was recalled by the emperor Constantine; but he would seem to have taken no further part in the ecclesiastical conflicts of the time. His name occurs no more in the lists of combatants. See Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. i, 7 sq. ; Socrates, IHst. Eccles. i, 9 {Decrees ofNice^ ; Epijihanius, J/rer. Ixix, 8, and comp. Ixviii, 6, and Ixix, 11 ; Tillemont, Memoires pour servir a r flistoire Eccles. (Brussels, 8vo ed.), vi, 2; Hist. Abregee des Ariens, art. vi, vii; and History of the Council of Nice, art. vi, xi. — Herzog, Real- Encyklop. s. V.
Theopaschites (from Gfof, God, and TraaxM, to suffer). This term was applied to those persons in the ancient Church who pronounced in favor of the formula that God had suffered and been crucified, and occurs for the first time in the letters of Isidore of Pelusium (q. v.) {Epp. i, 102, 124). The addition of the clause QtoQ tarav- pioBi] to the Trisagion by Peter Fullo (q. v.) gave great- er currency to its use (Theophanis, Chronographia, p. 97, 184), and formed an element in the Monophysite dis- putes. Fnlgentius Ferrandus and Fulgentius of Ruspe declared in favor of the formula " One belonging to the Trinity has been crucified" (see Gieseler, i, 2, 365; Schrockh, xviii, 582), which was subsequently approved by the Fifth Oecumenical Synod of Constantinople in 553 (Anathema 10). Folio's addition to the Trisagion was in use among the Catholics of Syria until its rejec- tion by the Concilium Quinsextum in 692 (Canon 81), after which only Monopliysites and Monothelites con- tinued its use. The Catholics, in the meantime, had reached the conclusion that every addition to the Tris- agion involved a quaternity. Thcopaschitism is a very general conception of the i)opular mind, even in Protes-
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tant countries, and has found support in many hymns which have been admitted into use in the churches. It is also most intimately connected with the conception which underlies the expression '• Jlother of God;" for if it may be said that God was born of Mary, it may with equal propriety be said that God was crucified. See the Church Histories; Smith's llagcnbach, Hist, of Doctrines, ^ 102; Wetzog, lieal-Encijklop. s. \,
Theopathetics, a designation of those mystics who have resigned themselves, more or less passively, to an imagined divine manifestation. Among these may bo mentioned Tanchelm, who ap|)eared in the Tith cen- tury, and announced himself as tlic residence of Deity; (iichtel, who believed himself appointed to expiate by liis jirayers and penance the sins of all mankind; and Kuhlmann, who traversed Europe the imaginetl head of tlie fifth monarchy, summoning kings and nobles to sub- mission.— Gardner, Faiths of the World, s. v.
Theopathy ( Btof, God, and iva^oc, feeling^, a word used by Dr. Hartley as synonymous with piety or a sense of Deity.