4. Bay (U'^, so called from its heat; n'mipa). The civil day (i/iii^3'/'/^Epoj', 2 Cor. xi, 25) was reckoned by the Hebrews from sundown to sundown (Lev. xxiii, 32) ; most other ancient nations computed time according to the moon's course ( I'liny, ii, 79; Tacit. Germ. c. xi; C;T3sar, Bell. Gull, vi, 18; Isidore, Oriff. v, 30; Censorin. J)e Die Xat. xxiii); but before the exile they seem rot to have divided tlie day into special or well-defined portions beyond the natural divisions of moming (~J^3 ;
see the definition for the Temple-service in the Mishna, Tumid, iii, 2), noon (D'^'^ri!i, Gen. xliii, 16; Dent, xxviii, 29; comp. CTrt Cin, Gen. xviii, 1; 1 Sam. xi, 11; and CTil "ill?, Prov. iv, 18), and evening (j^j; ; comp. also 71—3, the morning and evening breeze), which were in general use, as among the modern Arabs (Niebubr, Bedouin, p. 108 sq. ). During the exile the Jews appear to have adopted the division into regular hours (Chald. nrr) (Dan. iv, 16; v, 5; 2 Esdr. vi, 24), as (according to Herod, ii, 109) the twelve hours of the day originated among the Babylonians; and in the New Test, the hours arc frequently eiuimerated. As, how- ever, every luitural day of the year was divided into twelve hours (John xi, 9 ; see Ideler, Chronol. i, 84 sq.), they must have been une(iiial at different seasons of the year, since in the latitude of Palestine the longest sum- mer day lasts from about four A. IM. to eight P. M. (Mayr, Eeis. iii, 15), being about four hours longer than tlie shortest. The hours of the day (for those of the night, see Night-watch) were naturally counted from sunrise (cock-crowing, ^35n rX'^'p, was a designa- tion of time observed in the Temple, Mishna, Tumid, i, 2); whence the third hour (Matt, xx, 3; Acts ii, 15) corresponds about to our nine o'clock A.M. (the time when the market-place was full of men, TrX/jSouira ayopd; see Kype, Oiserr«/. i, 101 sq. ; also the first liour of prayer, Acts ii, 15); the end of the sixth hour (JIatt. XX, 5; John xix, 14) to midday; with the eleventh hour (Matt, XX, 6 ; Mark xv, 34) the day inclined to a close and labor ceased (see also John i, 40; iv, 62; Acts iii, 1 ; X, 3). There were three daily hours of prayer — morning, noon, and night ; besides, there is occasionally mention of prayer four times a day (Neh. ix, 3) ; but a quarterly division of the day (as inferred by Lticke, Joh. ii,756) is not certain in the New Test. Yet it is some- what doubtful whether the evangelists, John at least, al- ways reckon according to the Jewish hours (Clericus, Ad Joan, xix, 14; iNIichaelis, in the I/amb.rerm. Bibli- othek, iii, 338 sq. ; Rettig,in the .S7(/(/. n. Krit. 1830, i, 101 sq.; Hug, in the Freiburger Zeitschr.\,'iiQ&(\.). See Day.
5. Hour ( Chald. n J'TT ; Gr. wpa). The Oriental Asiatics, especially the Babylonians ( Herod, ii, 109 , Yitruv. ix, 9), had from early times sundials {horologia solaria) or shadow-measures (Pliny, xxxvi, 15); and hence, from the intercourse with Babylon, this useful contrivance may have been introduced into Palestine even before the exile. At all events, something of the kind seems to be meant by the "degrees of Ahaz" (TnX ni"i5>/3, Isa. xxxviii, 8; comp. 2 Kings xx, 9), either an obelisk which cast its shade upon the steps of the palace, or perhaps a regular gnomon with degrees marked on it (Targ. Jonath. X^"a "pX; Symmachns, wpoXoyioi'; Jerome, Iwrologium ; see Salmas. .4 </ ^^'o/jh. p. 447 sq. : iVIartini, .1 bhandl. v. d. Sonnemihren der A Iten [Leips. 1777] ; also De IJoiolof/iis Vett. Sciothericis [Amst. 1797]). The Romans after U. C. 595 used water-clocks Qclepsydrm, Yitrav. ix, 9; Pliny, vii. 60) for the watch- room of post-courses (Veget, Mil. iii, 8) and for regu- lating the continuance of speaking (Philo, 0pp. ii, 597; Becker, Gallns, i, 187). Whether this practice prevailed among the .lews in the time of Ciirist, we know not (Zeltner, De IJorologio Caiaphce [Altdorf. 1721 ], does not touch the point) ; but they could not have been igno- rant of some means of measuring time, whether dials or water-clocks, since the latter are in frequent use in the modern East (Niebubr, Reis. ii, 74). For a peculiar de- vice for dividing the hours mentioned by the Talmud- ists, see Otho, Lex. Habb. p. 282 ; see also Ideler, Chronol, i, 230 sq. See Horn.
See, generalh', Ulmer, De Calendario Vett. F'.brceor. (Altdorf. 1846) ; Walch, Calendai-iiim Palastince (Erono- micum (Gott. 1786); W'wck^, Ancient Egyptian. Years and Months ( Lond. 1865); id. As.iyro- /i(d)y Ionian Measures of Time (ibid. eod.). See Calendau.
TIMES, REGARDER OF 413
TIMNATH-IIERES
Times, Regarder of. See Observer of Times. Tini'na (Heb. Timnd, "2120, restraint'), the name of a woman and also of a man.
1. (Sept. Ofljui'a.) A concubine of Eliphaz, son of Esau, and by liim motlier of Anialek (Gen. xxxvi, 12; named [apparently only] in 1 Chron. i, 3G [by an ellip- sis] as a son of Eliphaz) ; probably the same as the sis- ter of Lotan, and daughter of Seir the Horite (Gen. xxxvi, 22; 1 Chron. i, 3'J). B.C. considerably post 19G3.
2. (Sept. Qafiai'cL v. r. Bofjunr; A. V. "Timnah.") The first named of the Esauite "dukes" or sheiks in Mount Seir ( Gen. xxxvi, 40 ; 1 Chron. i, 51 ). B.C. long post 19(j3.