The author of Shilte llar/f/ibhorim (c. 2) gives the *ireck KinfiaXo}' as the equivalent of tuph, and says it \vas a hollow basin of metal, beaten with a stick of brass or iron.
The (li/of the Arabs is described by Russell (Aleppo [1st ed. J, p. 94) as "a hoop (sometimes with pieces of brass fixed in it to make a jingling) over which a piece of parchment is distended. It is beaten with the fingers, and is the true tympanum of the ancients, as appears from its figure in several relievos, representing the or- gies of Hacchus and rites of Cybele." The same instru- ment was used by the Egy|)tiaii dancing-women whom llasselquist saw {Travels [ed. 1766], p. 59). In Barba- ry it is called tar, and "is made like a sieve, consisting (as Isidore [ Oriff. iii, 31] describes the tympanum) of a rim or thin hoop of wood with a skin of parchment .stretched over the to[) of it. This serves for the bass in all their concerts, which they accordingly touch verv artfidly with their fingers, or with the knuckles or ]ialms of their hands, as the time and measure require, or as force and softness are to be communicated to the several jtart-softhe performance" (Shaw, Travels, p. 202). — Smith. See ]M IMC \i, I\> ii;i-.mi;nts.
The Tar, or Modern Egyptian Tambourine.
Time (the proper and usual rendering of iTi", eth [later "("St, ze«(a/(]. a general word, Gr. ■)^p6voQ, space of duration; while H^'TQ, moid, Kuipoc, signifies a. fixed time, either bj' human or divine appointment, or the nat- ural seasons). A peculiar use of the term occurs in the phrase "a time, times, and a half''(IIeb. C^T^T^ TS'ITS "•"iry^, Dan. xii, 7; Chald. SSS^ "C-'^'^. "i^?, vii, 25; (!r. Kaip'uQ Kal Kaipol Kai i'lfxiav, Kev. xii, 14), in the conventional sense of three years and a hulf (see Jose- phus, War, i, 1, 1), The following are the regular di- visions of time among the Hebrews, each of which in- variably i)reserves its strict literal sense, except where explicitly modified by the immediate context. (In treating this subject, we here bring together the ac- counts of the several terms in Winer's Real-Worter- hucJi.) See Chronology.
1. Year (t^V^, so called from the change of the sea- sons). The years of the Israelites, like those of the mod- ern Jews, were lunar (Rabbinical ri:^i ri "^VC), of 354 d. 8 h. 48 min. 38 sec, consisting of twelve (unequal) lu- nar months; and as this falls short of the true year (an astronomical month having 29 d. 12 h. 44 min. 2.84 sec), they were obliged, in order to preserve the regu- larity of harvest and vintage (Exod. xxiii, 16), to add a month occasionally, so as to make it on the average coincide with the solar year (Rabbinical n52r!ri TSw), which has 365 d. 5 h. 48 min. 45 sec. The method of doing this among the very ancient Hebrews is entirely unknown (see a conjecture in Ideler, Chronol. i, 490 ; an- other in Credner, Joel, p. 218). The Talmudists find mention of an intercalation under Hezekiah (2 Chron. XXX, ii; see Mishna, PcsaeA. iv, 9), but without founda- tion (see, however, on the reconcilement of the lunar with the solar year, Galen, Comment, i, in Hippoc. Epi- dem. [(?/'/?. ed. KUhn. xiii, 23]). Ainong the later Jews (who called an intercalated year n~i3'^i''3 tllTl". in dis- tinction from a common year, or tlUVyTB "11^^), an intercalary month was in.serted after Adar, and was hence called Ve-dar ("nS'i),or second Adar ("^J'i; IIX) ('M\ii\\na, Eduijoth,v\\," \ see the distinctions of the Gemarists in Reland, .4 ntiq. Sacr. i,v, 1 ; comp. Ben- David, Zur Berechn. u. Gesch. d. jiid. Kalend. [ Berl. 1817]; Ideler, M< sup.^.bol sq. ; Anger, />e Temp, in A ct. Ap. Ratione, i,Sl sq.). The intercalation (TlS'^") was regularly decreed by the Sanhedrim, which ob.served the rule never to add a month to the sabbatical year. It usually was obliged to intercalate every third year, but occasionally had to do so in two consecutive years. The Israelitish year began, as the usual enumeration of the months shows (Lev. xxiii, 34 ; xxv, 9; Numb, ix, 11; 2 Kings xxv, 8; Jer. xxxix, 2; comp. 1 Mace iv, 52 ; X, 21), with Abib or Nisan (see Esth. iii, 7), sub- sequent to and in accordance w-ith the Mosaic arrange- ment (Exod. xii, 2), which had a retrospective reference to the departure out of Egypt (ix,31; see Bahr. .Sym- bolilc, ii, 639). Yet as we constantly find this arrange- ment s|token of as a festal calendar, most Habl)inical and many Christian scholars understand that the riril year began, as with the modern Jews, with Tisri (October), l)ut the ecclesiastical year with Nisan (IMishna. Rash ffash-shanah, i, 1 ; comp. Josephus, A nt. i, 3, 3. See also Rosenmiiller, on Exod. xii, 2; Hitzig, Jesa. p. 335; Seyffarth, Chronol. Sacra, p. 34 sq.). But this distinc- tion is prol)ably a post-exilian reckoning (Havernick argues against its inference from Ezek. xl, 1), which was an accommodation to the time of the arrival of re- turned exiles in Palestine (Ezra iii, 1 sq. ; Neh. vii, 73; viii, 1 s(|.), and later fell info harmony with the Seleucid a-ra, which dated from October (see Benfey, Monats- nam. p. 217; and comp. 1 Mace iv, 52; x, 21; 2 Mace, .KV, 37). Yet this has little countenance from the enactment of the festival of the seventh new moon (Lev. xxiii, 24; Numb, xxix, 1-6), which has in the