and when any of them were sick, be went to anoint them with oil and offer the prayer of faith, and thus frequently raised them up, while doubtless some of their sins were forgiven them. His presence with any Church was a benediction ; for if he found even a crooked godli- ness, it was precious to him in being godliness at all. It was a strange desire of his heart that he might die wear- ing his missionary honors to the last. In this feeling he was gratified." (J. C. S.)
Timae'us (T(/t«Tot,), father of the bliiul beggar cured by Christ (Mark x, 46), the son being thence called BartimiBus (q. v.). B.C. ante 29.
Timbrel (^rjn, toph, Exod. xv, 20 ; Judg. xi, 34 ; 2 Sara, vi, 5; 1 Chron. xiii, 8; Job xxi, 12; Psa. Ixxxi, 2; cxlix, 3; cl, 4; elsewhere rendered "tabret;" also the cognate verb rSPI. tuphciph, Psa. Ixviii, 25; ren- dered "tabor," Neh. ii, 7; rv^nravov, Jud. iii, 7), The Heb. word is an imitative one occurring in many languages not immediately connected with each other. It is the same as the Arabic and Persian duf which in the Spanish becomes adnfe, a tambourine. The root, which signifies to beat or strike, is found in the Greek TViravov or Tvi^nravov, Lat. tympanum, Ital. tamhuro. Span, tamhor, Fr. tambour, Prov. tabor, Engl, tabor, tab- ouret, timbrel, tambourine, A. S. dubban, to strike, Engl. tap, and many others. It is usual for etymologists to quote likewise the Arab, tunbiir as the original of tam- bour and tabor; but, unfortunately, the tunbur is a guitar, and not a drum (Russell, A leppo [2d ed.], i, 152). The parallel Arabic word is tabl, which denotes a kind of drum, and is the same with the Rabb. Heb. tabid and Span, atabal, a kettle-drum. The instrument and the word may have come to us through the Saracens. In old English tabor was used for any drum. Thus Rob. of Gloucester (ed. Hearne, 1810), p. 396:
" Vor of trompes and of tabors the Snracens made there So gret noise that Cristeunien al dislourbed were."
In Shakespeare's time it seems to have become an instru- ment of peace, and is thus contrasted witli the drum: "I have known when there was no music with him but the drum and fife ; and now had he rather hear the tabor and the pipe" (Much Ado about Nothin;/, act ii, sc. 3). Tabouret and tabourine are diminutives of tabor, and de- note the instrument now known as the tambourine:
"Or IMinioe's whistling to his tabouret, Selling a laughter for a cold meal's meat"
(Hall, Sa<. iv,l,TS).
Tabret is a contraction of tabouret. The word is re- tained in the A. V. from Coverdale's translation in all passages except Isa. xxx, 32, where it is omitted in Coverdale, and Ezek. xxviii, 13, where it is rendered '• beauty."
The Heb. t(')ph is undoubtedly the instrument de- scribed by travellers as the duf or dif of the Arabs. It was used in very early times by the Syrians of Padan- aram at their merry-makings (Gen. xxxi, 27). It was played principally by women (Exod. xv, 20; Judg. xi, 34: 1 Sam. xviii, 6; Psa. Ixviii, 25 [26]) as an accom- paniment to the song and dance (comp. Jud. iii, 7), and appears to have been worn bj' them as an ornament (Jer. xxxi, 4). The toph was one of the instruments |ilayed by the young prophets whom Saul met on bis return from Samuel (1 Sam. x, 5), and by the Levites in the Temple-band (2 Sam. vi, 5; 1 Chron. xiii, 8). It accompanied the merriment offcasts (Isa. v, 12; xxiv, 8), and the joy of triumphal processions (Judg. xi, 34; 1 Sam. xviii, 6), when the women came out to meet the warriors returning from victory, and is everywhere a sign of happiness and peace (Job xxi, 12; Isa. xxx, 32; Jer. xxxi. 4). So in the grand triumphal entry of God into his Temple, described in strong figures in Psa. Ixviii, the procession is made up by the singers who marched in front, and the players on stringed instru- ments who brought up the rear, while on either side (lanced the young maidens with their timbrels (ver. 25 [26]).
TIMBREL
410
TIME
The passage of Ezekiel, xxviii, 13, is obscure, and appears to have been early corrupted. Instead of Tj'^ari, '-thy tabrets," the Vuls. and Targ. read ^7?^> " thy beauty," which is the rendering adopted in Cover- dale's and Cranmer's Bible. The Sept. seems to have read "(r^^^i *s in ver. 16. If the ordinary text be adopted, there is no reason for taking ivph, as Jerome suggests, in the sense of the setting of a gem, " pala qua gemma continetur." See Tabkkt.
The tijmjHinum was used in the feasts of Cybele (Herod, iv, 7(5), and is said to have been the invention of Dionysus and li'hea ( Kurip. fiaccb. 59"). It was played by women, who beat it with
Aucieut Oriental Tympanum, or Tambourine.
the palms of their hands (Ovid, Afet. iv, 29), and Juve- nal {Sat. iii, 64) attributes to it a Syrian origin :
".T.im priileni Syrns in Tibei'im deflnxit Orontes £t linnuam, et mores et cum libiciue chordas Obliquas, ueeuou (jeiUUia tympana secum Vexit."
In the same way the tnhor is said to have been intro- duced into Europe by the Crusaders, who adopted it from the .Saracens, to whom it was peculiar (see Dii ('ange's note ou De Joinville's Uist. du Roi Saint Louis.