The introduction of tithes into England is ascribed to Offa, king of Mercia, at the close of the 8th centurv ; and the usage passed into other divisions of Saxon iMigland, and was finally made general by Efhelwolf. Tliev were made obligatory in Scotland in the 9th century, and not long after in Ireland. At first the choice of the Church to whom a person paid tithes was optional, hut by a de- cretal of Innocent III, addressed to the archbishop of Canterbury in 1200, all were directed to pay to the clergy of their respective parishes. According to Eng- lish law, tithes are of three kinds — predial, mixed, and personal. Predial tithes are those which arise imme- diately from the ground, as grain, fruit, herbs, etc. Mixed tithes are those proceeding from things nourish- ed by the earth, as calves, lambs, pigs, milk, cheese, eggs, etc. Personal tithes are those arising from the profits of personal industry in the pursuit of a trade, profession, or occupation. The latter were generally paid in the form of a voluntary offering at Easter, or some other period of the year. The law exempted mines, quarries, wild animals, game, fish, and also tame animals kept for pleasure, and not for use or profit.
Another and a more arbitrary distinction is \nto great and small — the first being tithes of grain, hay, wood, etc. ; the second being the other kind of predial, as well
TITIAN
437
TITLE
as all personal and mixed tithes. The great tithes of a {larish belonged to the rector, and the small tithes to the vicar. Tithes were originally paid in kind, as the tenth slieaf, the tenth lamb; but tlie inconvenience and trouble involved in this mode of payment led to the adoption of other methods. 'I'his was done either by the payment of a tixed amount each j'ear, irrespective of actual produce, or by a money payment mutually agreed upon; by a partial substitution of payment or labor, as when a person contributed a smaller amount of produce, but free from the expense of harvesting, etc.; or by the payment of a bulk sum in redemption of the impost, either for a time or forever, as the case might l)e, so that the land became tithe-free. By 1 Elizabeth, c. 19, and 13 Elizabeth, c. 10, such alienations of tithe-payment were restricted to a term of twenty- one years, or three lives.
Originally convents occupying lands in England paid tithes to the parochial clergy; but by a decretal of Pas- chal II they were exempted from such payments in re- gard to lands held by themselves in their own occupa- tion. Tliis exemption was contined by subsequent leg- islation to the four orders. Templars, Hospitallers, Cis- tercians, and Premonstratensians, and after the fourth Council of Lateran, A.I). 1215, only in res|iect of lands held by them before that year. At the Keformation many of the forfeited Church lands when sold were held free of tithes.
These partial exemptions, and the fact that the tithes were a tax for the support of the clergy of the Estab- lished Church, made it verj' unpopular with those who were obliged to pay, and especially so to Dissenters. A measure of commutation became absolutely necessary, lint, although recommended as far back as 1822, did not become law until 1838. Various statutes for England or Ireland have since been enacted regulating the pay- ment of tithes (G and 7 William IV, c. 71 ; 7 William IV and 1 Victoria, c. G9; 1 and 2 Victoria, c. 64; 2 and 3 Victoria, c. 32 ; and 5 and 6 Victoria, c. 54). Their object for England is to substitute a money rent-charge, varying on a scale regulated by the average price of grain for seven years for all the other forms of payment. In Ireland the settlement was effected by a commuta- tion of tithe into a money rent-charge three fourths the former value. The Disestablishment Act of 18G9 abol- ished tithes and created a common fimd for the support of the Protestant Episcopal Church and clergy. In France tithes were abolished at the Pevolution, and this example was followed by the other Continental coun- tries. In the Canadian provinces of Quebec, tithes are still collected by virtue of the old French law, yet in force there. In the United States, tithes are exacted by the Mormon hierarchy. See Bingham, Christ. A ntiq. bk. v. eh. v, § 1 sq.
Titian, or Tiziano Vkcei.mo, one of the greatest of Italian painters, and the prince of colorists and por- trait-painters, was born in the territory of Venice, at Capo del Cadore. in 1477. His early passion for art was carefully cultivated by his parents, who placed him un- der the instruction of Antonio Rossi of Cadore. At the age of ten years he was sent to Trevigi, and became the pupil of Seliastiano Zuccati. He studied in the school of the Bellini, first with Gentile and afterwards with Giovanni, with whom he was fellow-pupil with (iior- gione, his own future rival. On the death of (iiorgione, Titian rose rapidl}' in favor, and was soon afterwards invited to the court of Alphonso, duke of Ferrara. In 1523 the Senate of Venice employed him to decorate the ball of the coimcil-chamber; and in 1530 he went to Bologna and painted a portrait of Charles V, who had come to be crowned by pope Clement VII. Aliout this time he was invited to the court of the duke of Mantua, and in 1543 he met pope Paul HI at Ferrara, by whom lie was invited to Rome, but was obliged to decline by reason of previous engagements with the duke of Ur- bino. He went to Rome in 1548, where he was received with marks of great distinction, and where he met Mi-