451, G74 ; ii, 2, 7, 124). It has been more recently given by Prof. Stanley {L'orintlmuis, 2d ed. p. 348, 492), but it has been worked out by no one so elaborately as by Prof. Lightfoot {Camb. Journal of Classical and ,Sacred I'hiloloyy, ii, 201, 202). There is some danger of con- fusing Titus and the brother- (2 Cor. xii, 18), i.e. ///p brethren of 1 Cor. xvi, 11, 12, who (according to this view) took the tirst letter, with Titus and the brethren (2 Cor. viii, lG-24) who took the seconil letter. As to the connection between the two contemporaneous mis- sions of Titus and Tiniotheus, this observation may be made here, that the difference of the two erramis ma}- have had some connection with a difference in the characters of the two agents. If Titus was the tirmer and more energetic of the two men, it was natural to give him the task of enforcing the apostle's rebidics, and urging on the tiagging business of the collection.
A considerable interval now elapses before we come upon the next notices of this disciple. Paul's tirst im- prisonment is concluded, and his last trial is impending. In the interval between the two, he and Titus were to- gether in Crete (drrkXiirov ai tv Kpi]Ty, Tit. i, 6). We see Titus remaining in the island when Paul left it, and receiving there a letter written to him by the ajiostle. From this letter we gather the ibllowing biographical details : In the tirst place, we learn that he was origi- nally converted through Paul's instrumentality ; this must be the meaning of the phrase yvr]aioi> TtKvov, which occurs so em|ihatically in the opening of the epistle (ver. 4). Next we learn the various particulars of the responsible duties which he had to discharge in Crete. He is to complete what Paul had been obliged to leave unfinished (iva rd XinroiTci tTviSiopSrioffy, ver. 5), and he is to organize the Church throughout the island by appointing presbyters in everj' city. See GonrvNA; Las.ka. Instructions are given as to the suitable character of such presbyters (ver. 6-9) ; and we learn, further, that we have here the repetition of in- structions previously furnished by word of mouth (wc; tytij (Toi cuTa^dfiijv, ver. 5). Next he is to control and bridle (t7ri(rropic,eii', ver. 11) the restless and mischie- vous Judaizers, and he is to be peremptory in so doing (tXtyx^ ai'Toix dnorofiwc, ver. 13). Injunctions in the same spirit are reiterated (ii, 1, 15; iii, 8). He is to urge the duties of a decorous and Christian life upon the women (ii, 3-5), some of whom (TrptajivTiCac, ver. 3), ]M)ssibly, had something of an othcial character (kuXo- SiCa(TKdXovc,'iva cnocppoj'iZoJcri rag j^sac;, ver. 3, 4). He is to be watchful over his own con<luct (ver. 7) ; he is to impress upon the slaves the peculiar duties of tlieir po- sition (ver. 9, 10); he is to check all social and political turbulence (iii, 1), and also all wild theological specula- tions (ver. 9) ; and to exercise discipline on the hereti- cal (ver. 10). When we consider all these particulars of his duties, we see not only the confidence rei>osed in him by the apostle, but the need there was of determi- nation and strength of i)urpose, and therefore the prob- ability that this was his character; and all this is en- hanced if we bear in mind his isolated and unsupported position in Crete, and the lawless and immoral charac- ter of the Cretans themselves, as testified by their own writers (i, 12, 13). See Ckete.
The notices wiiicli remain are more strictly personal. Titus is to look for the arrival in Crete of Artenias and Tychicus (iii, 12), and then he is to hasten ((nToi<daaov) to join Paul at Nicopolis, where the apostle is proposing to pass the winter (ibid.). Zenas and Apollos are in Crete, or expected there; for Titus is to send them on their journey, and supply them with whatever they need for it (ver. 13). It is observable that Titus and Apollos are brought into juxtaposition here, as they were before in the discussion of the mission from Ephe- sus to Corinth.
The movements of I'aid, with which these later in- structions to Titus are connected, are considered else- where. See Pai'l; Timothy. We need only observe here that there would be trreat difhcultv in inserting
TITUS
440
TITUS, EPISTLE TO
the visits to Crete and Nicopolis in any of the journeys recorded in the Acts, to say notliing of tlic other objec- tions to giving the epistle any date anterior to tlie voy- aije to Koine. Sec Trns, Epistlk to. On the other liand, tiiere is no ditiiculty in arranging tiiese circum- stances, if we sujipose Paid to have travelled and writ- ten after being liberated from Rome, while thus we gain the fiirtlier advantage of an explanation of what I'aley has well called the atliiiity of this epistle and the tirst to Timothy. Whether 'I'iius did join the api)stle at Nicopolis we cannot tell. 15ut we naturally connect the mention of this place with what I'aul wrote at no great interval of time afterwards, in the last of the Pas- toral Kpistles (TiVoc £''f ^iiXf-iariai','! Tim.iv, 10); for Dalmatia lay to the north of Nicopolis, at no great dis- tance from it. See Nicorm.is. From the form of the whole sentence, it seems probable that this disciple had been with Paul in Pome during his tinal imprisonment: but this cannot be asserted confidently. The touching words of the apostle in this passage might seem to im- ply some reproach, and we might draw from them the conclusion that Titus became a second Demas: but, on the whole.this seemsa harsh and unnecessary judgment.