been finally apprehended and taken to Rome, whence he wnite the Second Ei)istle to 'I'iinothy. Other possible combinations may be seen in BirUs [Hone Apvslolicw, at the end of his edition of the lloroe I'aulince, p. '299- 301) and in Wordsworth {Greek Testament, iii,41«,421). It is an undoubted mistake to endeavor to insert this epistle in any period of that part of Paul's life which is recorded in the Acts of the Apostles. There is in this writiui^ that unmistaUable difference of style (as com- l)ared with the earlier epistles) which associates the Pastoral Letters with one another, and with the latest period of Paul's life; and it seems stranj,'e that this should have been so slightly observed by good scholars and exact chrouologists, e. g. Archdn. Evans {Script. Jiio(j. iii. 327-33;5) antl W'ieseler {Chronol. des cipost. Zeit- alt. 329-355), who, approaching the subject in very dif- ferent ways, agree in luilding the foregoing theory (No. 2) that tills letter was written at Ephesus (between 1 and 2 Cor.), when the ajiostle was in the early part of his thin! missionary journey (Acts xix). See Paul; Titus. III. JJesif/ii nnd Contents. — The task which Paul had committed to Titus, when he left him in Crete, was one of no small difficulty. The eliaracter of the people was unsteady, insincere, and quarrelsome; they were given to greediness, licentiousness, f;d.sehood, and drunkenness, in no ordinary degree; and the Jews who had settled among them appear to have even gone beyond the natives in im morality. Among such a people it was no easy ofHce which Titus had to sustain when commissioned to carry forward the work which Paul had begmi, and to set in order the affairs of the churches which had arisen there, especially as heretical teachers had already crept in among tliera. Hence Paul addressed to him this epis- tle, the main design of which is to direct him how to discharge with success the duties to which he had been appointed. For this reason the apostle dilates upon the personal qualilications of Church officers and members, and their fimetions, with such local allusions as rendered these directions especially pertinent. After the intro- ductory salutation, which has marked peculiarities (i, 1-4), Titus is enjoined to appoint suitable presbyters in the Cretan Church, and specially such as shall be sound in doctrine and able to refute error (ver. 5-9). The apostle then passes to a description of the coarse char- acter of the Cretans, as testified by their own writers, and the mischief caused by Judaizing error among the Christians of the island (ver. lO-lO). In oppositi(jn to this, Titus is to urge sound and practical Christianity on all classes (ii, 1-0), on the older men (ver. 2), on the' older women, and especially in regard to their influence over the younger women (ver. 3-5), on the younger men (ver. G-8), on slaves (ver. 9, 10), taking lieed mean- while that he himself is a pattern of good works (ver. 7). The groLMids of all this are given in the free grace which trains the Christian to self-denying and active piety (ver. 11, 12), in the glorious hope of Christ's second ad- vent (ver. 13), and in the atonement by which he has purchased us to be his people (ver. 14). All these les- sons Titus is to urge with fearless decision (ver. 15). Next, obedience to rulers is enjoined, with gentleness and forbearaiu'e towards all men (iii, 1, 2), these duties being again rested on our sense of (last sin (ver. 3), and on the gift of new spiritual life and free justification (ver. 4 7). AVith these practical duties are contrasted those idle speculations which are to be carefidlv avoid- ed (ver. 8, 9); and with regard to those men who are positively heretical, a jjeremptory charge is given (ver. 10,11). Some personal allusions then follow : Artemas or Tychicus may be exjiected at Crete, and on the ar- rival of either of them Titus is to hasten to join the apostle at Xicopolis, where he intends to winter; Zenas the lawyer, also, and ApoUos, are to be provided with all that is necessary for a journey in prospect (ver. 12, 13). Finally, before the concluding messages of salutation, an admonition is given to the Cretan Christians, that thev give heed to the duties of practical useful piety (ver. 14, 15).
IV. Commentaries. — The following are the special ex- egetical helps on the whole of this epistle exclusively: Megander, Expositio [includ. Tim.] (15asil. looG, 8vo) ; \\"\\\ic\\,Expositio (Lips. 1540,8vo) ; Hott'mann, Commen- tariiis (Frcft. 1541, 8vo); Culmann, Notte (Norib. 154t!, 8vo) ; A\iish\s, Explicatio (Lips. lo.W, 8vo); Espencwus [ Kom. Cath.], Commentarins (Par. 1 5t)8, 8vo) ; H unnius, Expositio (Marp. 1587, 1004; Vitemb. 1610, 8vo) ; Kho- Aom&wn.Coinmciitarius (.len. 1597, 8vo); Jlaglian [P. (.'.], Commentarins (Lugd. 1C09, 4to); Sotto [H. C], C'ow- mentarius [includ. Tim.] (Par. IfilO, fol.) ; Taylor, Com- mentary (}2amh. lt)12, 4to; 1658, fol.); Scultetus, OWr- vationes [includ. Tim. and Philein.] (Frcft. 1()24; Vi- temb. 1630, 4to); Goupil [K. C], J'arap/rrasis (Par. 1644. 8vo); Daille, aSV/vho;w [Fr.] (ibid. 16.55, 8 vo) ; Ho- bert [li.C], Expositio [includ. Tim. and Philem.] (ibid. 1656, 8vo); WhUik Expositio {Oxim. 1657, 8vo); Fecht, Expositio (Post. 1692, 1700, 4to) ; Kappolt, Observaliones, (in his 0/)/). i, 781); "^re'ifUAwpt, Exercitatio (Hal. 1703, 4to); Ont\w{,Verklaarin(/ (Amst. 1704, 4to); Zentgrav, Commentarins (Arg. 1706. 4to); QMmxd, Paraphrasis (Gryph. 1714, 4to) ; Koiihmn.VerUaaritif/ (Utr. 1724, 4to); \'nr\\\ga.,Verkl(i(irinr/ (Franek. 1728, 4to); Kam- h&ch, Erkldrung [includ. (ial.J ((Jies. 1739, 4to); Van Haven, Commentatio (Hal. 1742, 4to) ; Hurter, Commen- tarins (Schafh. 1744, 4to) ; Mosheim, Erkldrimg (ed. Von Einem, Stend. 1779, 4to); }i.\m'6\, Explicatio (Lips. 1788, 4to) ; Van den Ess, Compositio (L. IJ. 1825, 8vo) ; PateTSon,Commenta7-j/ [ includ. Tim. ] (Lond. 1848, 18mo) ; Graham, Commentur// (ibid. 1860, 12mo). See Ei^istle.