Tomlinson, Joseph Smith, D.D., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in George- town, Ky., March 15, 1802. He was educated at the Transylvania L^niversity, and was licensed to jireacli before his graduation in 1.S25. He was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics and natural ])hilosophy of Augusta College the same year, and also admitted to the travel- ling connection. In due time he was ordained both tleacon and elder. After having served some time as professor of Augusta College, he was chosen its presi- dent, and held the office until the institution ceased to exist in 1849. He was subseipiently elected to a pro- fessorship in the Ohio ^^'esleyan University, Delaware, O., but did not accept if, though he acted as agent for the institution for two years. He then accepted a pro- fessorship in the Ohio University at Athens, and after a year's service was chosen its president. This he de- clined because of ill-health. Sid)sequently he was elected to the presidency of the Springtield High-school and of the State University of Indiana, both of which he de- clined under the conviction that the state of his body and mind disqualified him for them. He died at Neville, O., June 4, 1853. Dr. Tomlinson was a man of supe- rior accomplishments; as a preacher and pulpit orator, his high reputation Avas well founded ; and his religious life was pure and consistent. See Sprague, Annals of the A mer. Pulpit, vii, 706.
Tommasi, GIOSEPl'^: Mai:ia, a learned Italian car- dinal, and son of Julius Tommasi, duke of Palma, was born at Alicata, Sicily, Sept. 14, 1049. He entered the society of the Theatines, and cardinal Albani, when he became pope, appointed him first qualiticator of the Holy Office, then consultor of the Congregation of the Kites, and lastly cardinal (May 18, 1712). This last honor he did not long enjoy, as his death occurred Jan. 1, 1713. In the Vatican and other libraries Tommasi discovered many manuscripts of importance in ecclesiastical his- tory, and published. Codices Sacramentorum Xongentis A nnis Vetustiores (1G80, 4to), a collection of INISS. : — Responsoria el Antiphonaria (1680). See Chalmers, Bio;/. Diet. s. v. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Tongan Version. The Tonga dialect, belonging to the Polynesian or Malayan languages, is spoken in Tonga, or Tongataboo, the largest of the Friendly Islands. In 1850 it was estimated to contain 9000 inhabitants, of whom considerably more than half had been converted to Christianity, the Protestants among them numbering 5000. As early as 1797 the London Missionary Society had sent nine missionaries to that island, but they had to give tip that station on account of the ferocious dis- position of the natives. The agents of the Wesleyan jMissionary Society were at length enabled, in 1820, to settle peaceably in Tonga, and the}^ now extend the blessings of Christian instruction to all the islands of this archipelago. At first only detached portions of Scriptures were translated into Tongan, until, in the year 1847, the version of the New Test, was completed, and an edition of 4000 copies left the mission press at ' Vavau. A new edition, consisting of 10,000 co[iies, was furnished in 1852 by the British and Foreign Bible So- ciety; and, owing to the rapid circulation of this edi- tion, another of 10,000 copies was undertaken in 1860, under the editorial care of the Kev, Thomas West. In the same year the preparation fur translating, printing,
TOXGS
462
TONGUE
etc., of the 01(1 Testament was commenced, which was completetl in 1««:3. As to the results of the dissemina- tion of the Word of (iod, we may notice that up to March iil, 1871>,-2«,1H0 copies, either in part or in whole, were circulated. (B. P.)
Tongs is the rendering, in the A. V., of two Heh. words: 1. n"^np?b?2, melkacka'ijiiii (I Kings vii, 49 ; 2 Chron. iv, 21; Isa. vi, G), or D'Hirb"?, mcdkacha' yim (Kxod. XXV, ;>8; xxvii, 23 [-'snuffers"]; Numb, iv, 9), hoth from n^b, to take, and signifying prop, inncers, either for holding coals or for trimming a lamp [see SxuKKKKs] ; anil 2. nasia, mnatgdd (Isa. xliv, 12), an axe (q. v.) (as rendered in Jer. x, 3), from ■i:s:>, to fell a tree.
Tongue (""-^) litshun, yXaxjira) is used in Scripture in various senses.
1. It stands, lileroUn, for the human tongue (Judg. vii, 5; Johxxvii.4; Rsa. xxxv, 28; xxxix, 1, 3; li, 14; Ixvi, 17; I'rov. XV, 2; Zech. xiv, 12; Mark vii, 33, 35; Luke i, 04; xvi, 24; Rom. iii, 13; 1 Cor. xiv, 9; James i, 2(j; iii.5, (),«; 1 I'et. iii, 10; Hev. xvi, 10; Eccles. xvii, ♦i; Wisd. X. 21; 2 Mace, vii, 4): and so for the tongue of the dog (I'sa. Ixviii, 23), of the viper (Job xx, 16), of idols (Baruch vi, 8); the tongues of the seven brethren cut out (2 Mace, vii, 4, 10; comp. Prov. x, 20).
Various explanations have been offered whj' (in the passage first cited above) (iideon's three hundred fol- lowers sliould have been selected because they lapped water out of their hands, standing or perhaps moving onward, while they who stayed and "bowed down to drink" were rejected. Josephus says that the former thereby showed their timoronsness and fear of being overtaken by the enemy, and that these poor-spirited men were chosen on purpose to illustrate the power of God in the victory (.4 nf. v, (5, 3).