Tollner, .Iohann Gottlieb, a German theologian, was born Dec. 9, 1724, at Charlottenburg. He com- pleted his studies at the Orphanage and the University of Halle under the guidance of Baimigarten, Knapp, INIichaelis, Wolff, Weber, and Meier, and then became private tutor and military chaplain. In 17G0 he was made professor of theology and philosophy at Frank- fort-on-the-Oder. He delivered ibnr lectures each day, wrote numerous learned books — his practice being to write upon one while dictating to an amanuensis the contents of another, so that two were in process of si- inultaneous jireparation — and entered into most inti- mate and direct relations with his numerous students. He was accustomed to conduct devotional meetings af- ter the ending of the public services of the Sabbath, and to train the students in homiletical and catechetical duties. During much of his public life his health was infirm. Extreme terrors sometimes came over him when about to ascend the pulpit, and rendered it im- possible for him to jjreach ; and upon these followed asthma and a racking cough, to which he finally suc- cumbed at the age of forty-nine years. He died Jan. 20, 1774, while uttering the word " Overcome."
Of Tollner's writings, the following may perhaps be regarded as of chief importance: Gedanken von der wahren Lehrart in d. doipn. Theolocjie (1759) : — Grvnd- riss der docpn. Theolor/ie (1760) : — (jrnndriss der Moral- Theologie (1773): — Grundiiss der Hermeneutik (1773): — Grundriss der Pastor ol-Theolorjie (1773): — Der thd- tifje Gehoisdin Christi (1773): — The(dogische Untersn- chiingen (1773), He occu])ied entirely orthodox ground in theology, though the ethics of Christianity held the foremost place in his thoroughly practical mind, and though he made far-reaching concessions to rational- ism. With reference to confessions of faith his position was independent, and with reference to the contradicr
TOMASINI
458
TOMB
tlons of his time lie stood midway between the ex- tremes. The school of S|)ener and Francke had prrad- iiallv come to assume a position of liostility, or at least iiiditfi-rcnce, towards science, and over ai;ainst it stood the scholastic or i)hiloso|)hical school of the Wolf- liaii type, which undertook to demonstrate everything mathematically. Tollner regarded both extremes as overstrained, and adopted the scientijic metliod, which regarded all dogmatic truths as constituting a sdi-iici', i. e. a learned and coniprehensive knowledge, and which attempted a logical explanation of every tenet without the employment of any illustrations whatsoever.
Literature. — Hambergcr, Gdehrtes BeutschUmd (with the first supplement by jNIensel) ; Mensel, Lexikon d. tmtsc/ien iickriffgtel/er vom Jahre 1750-1800; Hirsch- ing, Hist.-lit. Handbnch heruhmter u, deiikw. ProfeKsvren des ISIeii Jahrhunderts (Leips. 1818), XI V^ ii ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. s. v. ; Herzog, Real-Kiiq/klop. s. v.
Tomasini, Jacopo Filipi-o, an Italian prelate, was born at. I'adiia, Nov. 17, 151)7; instructed by I5ene- detti of Legnano; afterwards entered the congregation of tlie regular canons of St. (ieorge, in Alga; and re- ceived the degree of doctor at Padua in 1(519. He went to Rome, where he was cordially received, especially by Urban VIII, who would have appointed him to a bish- opric in the island of Candia. At his own request, this was exchanged for the see of Citta Nuova, in Istria, to which ho was consecrated in 16-t"2. There lie remained until ills death, in 1(554. lie wrote, I!l.i(.itriii in Virorum Eli'nia Icoiubns Kxorrutta (Padua, IGoO, 4to; 2d vol. 1644):— 7Y(!«s Liviiis Pataviims (ibid. 1(530, 4to) :— Pe- trarcha Redicivus Integram Poetm Cvlebcrrimi Vitam Jconibus /Ere Ccehitis Exhibens (ibid. 1635,4to) : — Claris- slm<e FmmincB Cdssiindrte Fidelia Venetce Epistolm et Oratitmes PostkumcB (ibid. 1636, 12mo) : — /?e Donariis ac TabM'is Voticis, etc. (Utin. 1(539, 4to): — Laurce Ceriitir Epistoke, cum Xotis, etc. (Padua, 1640, 12mo) : — Bibliothecm Patavinm Manuscript a, etc. (ibid. 1639, 4to): — Bibliothecm Venetm Afanusci'ipta, etc. (Utin. 1650, 4to). See Chalmers, Biitf/. Diet. s. v.
Tomb ('IJ"''75, a tumulus, Job xxi, 32; elsewhere " stack" or " shock" of corn ; Ta<poQ, fivri^ia, or ^ivrmtioi', usually "sepulchre"). The most conspicuous objects in Palestine to this day are its tombs, called, according to the person commemorated, or the purpose of commem- oration, keber, or mazar, or «Y-(y. One does not tind this to be the case throughout Europe, where tombs are not usually conspicuous; but in Egypt and Syria they meet the eye in all directions, and are, with a few excep- tions, Moliammedau erections. In Egypt, the tombs of its ancient kings, and the more modern tombs of the l^Ianielukes, are very remarkable and interesting. In the Sinaitic desert there are some interesting gravej'ards, xlotted with unhewn stones and adorned with the retem, or broom ; and one of these places of sepulture is known as Tiirbet-es-Yahud, the graves of the .Jews. There is only one conspicuous monument in it, Kuber Nebi llaruM, the "tomb of the prophet Aaron," on jVIoimt I lor. Hut soon after entering Palestine you liiid tombs in all directions. At Hebron you have the tomb of Aliraham and the jiatriarchs in the well-known cave of ]\Ia(lipelah, marked or rather concealed by a iMoslem indsipic. ()u one of the eastern hills, seen from the heights above Hebron, you have the tomb of Lot; far- ther on, the tomb of Rachel; and then, as you apjiroacli Jerusalem, the toinb of David, outside the modern city, and the tomb of Samuel, on a height above Gibeon, some seven miles to the north-west, greets your eye. As you traverse tlie land you meet with these monu- ments in all positions— the tomb of .Jonah near Sidoii, and even the tomb of Abel a little farther north !