The gates of cities were guarded during the day by sentinels, who looked out from the turret on the walls
into the distance (2 Sam. xviii, 24 sq. ; 2 Kings ix, 17 sq. ; comp. Ezek. xxvii, 11), and either with the voice or with a horn gave the news (Jer. vi, 17 ; Ezek. iii, 6). Night patrols are also mentioned (Cant.' iii, 3). Of lighting the streets, however, there is no trace, as in western towns (Becker, (•'(d/iis, i, 333 si^.). See Watch. The mile-stimes (still extant, Robinson, iii, 093) set up along the roads to indicate the distance of one town from another belong to Roman times (see Ideler, in the JSchriff. d. Berl. A kad. 1812, hist, class, p. 134 sq.). On this point, and on the geographical position of towns, there are only incidental notices in the canonical books (see Gen. xii, 8; Judg. xxi, 19, etc.), and clearer indications ap- pear in the books of Maccabees, and particularly in Jo- sephus (see Life, 12, 24, 51, etc., collated by Reland, Pa- Iwst. ii, c. 0; comp. Mishna, A/aas. Sheni, v, 2) ; Ijut it is not till tlie time of Eusebins and his Latin editor, Je- rome (in his Onomasticon), that we get definite data on these points; while the later itineraries (namely, the Itinerar. A ntonini [not the emperor of ihat name] and the [tin. Ilierosid. [both edited by Wesscling, Amst. 1735, 4to]) and Abulfeda (Tabula Syrhi') give full and exact details on the sidiject, which, however, have to be supplemented (and often corrected) by modern compari- sons and measurements. — Winer. See Geograi'HY.
To'wn-clerk (ypafifiaTtv<;, a sci-ibe, as elsewhere often rendered) is the title ascribed in the A. V. to the magistrate at Ephesus who appeased the mob in the theatre at the time of the tumult excited by Demetrius and his fellow-craftsmen (Acts xix,35). The other pri- mary English versions translate in the same way, ex- cept those from the Vulg. (Wycliffe, the Rhemish), which render "scribe." A digest of Biickh's views, in his Staatshaiishaltung, respecting the fimctions of this officer at Athens (there were three grades of the order there), will be found in Smith's Diet. of Class. Ant. s. v. "(irammateus." Tlie ypafifiuTEvg, or " town-clerk," at Ephesus was, no doubt, a more important person in that city than any of the public officers designated by that term in Greece (see Creswell, Dissertations, iv, 152). The title is preserved on various ancient coins (Wett- stein, Noi\ Test, ii, 580 ; Akermami, Numismatic Illus- trations, p. 53), which fully illustrate the rank and dig- nity of the office. It would appear that what may have been the original service of this class of men, viz. to record the laws and decrees of the slate, and to read them in public, embraced at length, especially under the ascendency of the Romans in Asia Minor, a much wider sphere of dutj-, so as to make them, in some in- stances, in effect the heads or chiefs of the mimicipal government and even high-priests (Deyling, Ohserv. iii, 383; Krebs, Pecreta Rom. p. 302). They were author- ized to preside over the popular assemblies and submit votes to them, and are mentioned on marbles as acting in that capacity. In cases where they were associated with a superior magistrate, they succeeded to his place and discharged his fimctions when the latter was ab- sent or had died. "On the sid)jugation of Asia by the Romans," says Baumstark ( Pauly, L'ncijclop. iii, 949 ), "ypajXfiaTtlg were ap|)oiuted there in the character of governors of single cities and districts, who even placed their names on the coins of their cities, caused the year to be named from them, and sometimes were allowed to assume the dignity, or at least the name, of 'AjO^ifpf ('(;•" See Schwartz, Dissertatiu de Tpap-fiortiiai, Magistratu
Coin of Ephesus referring to the "town-clerk."
Ohvfrse: heads of Aueustus and I.ivin. Brvfrse : a stas (tlie emblem of Kjihesus). with the legeiij (.in Greek), " Arlstion Menophiuitus, recorder ot the liphesiaua.'*
TOWNLEY
508
TOWXSEXD
Civitutum Asia Proconsiilis (Altdorf, 173o); Van Dale, JJisgcr/iit. V. 425; Spaiilifim, /M' I'fU et J'rd.il. XnniDi. i, 704; Xew-Kiir/kmdtj; x, 144; Lewiii, ,SI. J'cnil, i, 315.
SfC AslAKCll.
It is cvidoiit. therefore, from Luke's account, as illus- trated by ancient records, that the Kphesian town-clerk acted a part entirely appropriate to the character -in whicli he ajipears. Tiie speech delivered by liiin, it may be remarked, is the model of a popular harangue. He ari;ues that such excileincnt as the E|ihe.-ians evinced was inuliunilicd. inasmuch as they stood above all suspicion in reliuious mailers (Acts xix, 35, 3(5); that it was unjustitiable, since they could establish noth- ing against the men whom they accused (vcr. 37); that it was unnecessary, since other means of redress were open to them (ver. 38, 39); and, linally, if neither jiride nor a sense of justice availed anything, fear of the Ro- man power should restrain them from such illegal pro- ceedings (ver. 4t)).— Smith. See Et^iiESUs; Tal-l.
Tovriiley, James (l).an English clergyman and educator, was born in London in 1715. He was edu- cated at the Merchant 'I'ailors' School, and thence elect- ed to St.. John's College, Oxford. Soon after taking or- ders he was chosen morning preacher at Lincoln's Inn Chapel, and lecturer of St. Dunstan's in the East. Through the patronage of lady Spencer, to whom his wife was related, he obtained the living of St. Bennett, (iracechurch, London; and afterwards became gram- mar master to Christ's Hos|iital. In 1759 he was clio- sen high master of the ^Merchant Tailors' School, and in 1777 was presented to a living in Wales by bishop Shipley, to whom he was chaplain. He died July 15, 1778. Besides his Bif/h Life Below Sftiirs, a. farce (Loud. 1759, 8vo) ; Falne Conconl, a farce, (17G4, un- successful and not printed); The Tutor, a. farce (17G5, 4to. unsuccessfid), he published seven single Sermons (1741-(J9, each 4to). See Chalmers, Bioy. Did. s. v.; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. Authors, s. v.