bj' his son Jotham in the forests ((•ho7-eshim) of Judah (2 Chron. xxvi, 10; xxvii, 4). Remains of such fori ilicat ions may still be seen, wiiich, though not jierhaps themselves ol remote anticpiity, yet very probably have succeeded to more ancient structures built in the same places Ibr like purposes ( Robinson, Bibl. Res. ii, 81, 85, 180; i;ol)erts, Sketches, pi. 93). Besides these military structures, we read Solitary Tower in the "' Scripture of lowers built in vine- East, yards as an almost necessary ap- pendage to them (Isa. V, 2: Matt, xxi, 33; Mark xii, 1). Such towers are still in use ill Palestine in vineyards, especiallj" near Hebron, and are usetl as lodges for the keepers of the vineyards. Uuring the vintage they are filled with tiie persons em- ployed in the work of gathering the grapes (Robinson. hibl. Res. i, 213; ii, 81; Martineau, Kast. Life, p. 434; De Saulcy, Travels, i, 546; Hackett, J/lustr. of Sciipt.
p. 163, 171) Smith. See Lodge.
]\Iural towers were in all antiquity built as part of the fortifications of towns, especially at the corners of the walls and the gates (2 Chron. xiv, 7; xxvi, 9, 15; xxxii, 6; 1 iMacc. v, 55, xiii, 33, 43, etc.; comp. Isa. xxiii, 3; xxx, 25; Ezek. xxvi, 4, 9; see Pliny, //. A', vi, 22, 1). Also in the interior of cities towers served as citadels (Judg. ix, 46 sq.). Jerusalem (q. v.) was especially provided with towers of this description, many of which had special names (Neh. iii, 11 ; xii, 38; Jer. xxxi, 38, etc.). Those on the walls and at the gates were used for sentries (2 Kings ix, 17; xvii, 9; xviii, 8; Ezek. xxvii, 11). The Temple (q. v.) was likewise supplied with numerous towers. The " tower in Siloam" ( q. v. ) (Luke xiii, 4) was probably some mural defence near that fountain. — \\'iner. See Gate; Wall.
Ancient Assyrians Attacking Mural Towers with Turreted Eii<;iiies.
Among many ancient nations, especially the Babv- lonians, towers were employed in the siege of cities, as appears from the propiiet's account of the divination used by the king of Babylon to determine his line of march into the kingdom of Judah: "At his right haiul was the divination for Jerusali'iii, to afipoint captain.s. to open the mouth in the slaugliter, to lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering-rams against the gate, and to build a tower (Ezek. xxi, 22). .See Bat- TEiiiSG-HAJi. In the iVIaccalja'aii age, towers borne on elephants were used to carry warriors in ijattle (1 Mace, vi, 37; comp. Pliny. //. X. xi, 1, " tiirrigeri elephaiito- rum humeri"). In Roman sieges the tower (cmw, from the vine-branches with wliicli it was often thatched), run on wheels along an artificial causeway (ar/f/er), was proverbial (Luke xix, 43). See iNIouxr.
In the figurative language of Scripture, towers are
TOWEll
504
TOWER
feikvkl,,.
Koniau Military Towers.
used for defenders and protectors, whether by counsel or sireiijiLh, in peace or in war (Psa. xviii, 10 ; Ixi, o). See
r(>\VlJl TN CmnsriAN Auciiitkcture. Any at- tempt to particularize tlie various kinds of towers whicli tiave been adopted by different nations in for- mer aires would far exceed the scope of this work; the followiuic ol)servations, therefore, are chiefly confined to those which were in use in the Middle Ages in Eng- land and the adjacent parts of Europe, and more es- l)ecially to the towers of churches. Among the Greeks and Romans, towers were employed of various forms and for ditTfrent purposes, but by no means so abun- dantly as in after-ages, and in general they appear not to have been so lofty as those of medieval date. The tower of Andronicus (Jyrrhestes, called also the Temple of the Winds, at Athens, is octagonal; at Autun, in France, a considerable part of a large and lofty square tower of late Roman work exists. Tiie tower for the use of bells is supposed not to have been introduced till the 5th century, and hence the term cuMpunile, appVxed to the Italian towers. See SritMi.
In the Middle .\ges the towers of castles were nu- merous and of striking character. During the preva- lence of the Norman style the keep often consisted of a large rectangular tower, with others of smaller size at- tached to tlie angles, and these last mentioned general- ly rose higher tlian the main building, as at the White Tower of Li>ndon anil tlie castles of Kochester and <iuildford. The keep tower of Conisburgh Castle, iu Yorkshire, which is of the latest Norman work, is cir- cular, with large buttresses on the outside; in other examples, erspecially in those of Idler date, the keep towers are of various forms, often irregular, apparently so constructed as being considered best adapteil to the peculiarities of the sites, and the systems of defence in use at the jxTiods of their erection. Besides these main towers, many others, which, though of less magnitude than the keep, were often of very considerable si/.e, were employed in diff'erent parts of fortilicatious, espe- cially at the entrances, where the gateways were gen- erally Hanked by towers projecting consi<lcrably before
the main walls; these were pierced with loop-holes and oilets, and were commoidy surmounted with machico- lations. See Tiituiir.
Cluirch-towers of all dates are greatly diversified, not only iu their details, but also in general proportions and form; they are occasionally detached from the building to which they belong, but are usiuiUy annexed to it, and are to be found jilaced in almost every possible sit- uation except about the oast end of the chancel. In all cases their use was for hanging the bells, and hence the name M/'n/. Large churches have often several towers, especially when tlu^ ])lan is cruciform; and iu this case there are generally two at the west end, and one, of larger dimensions, at the intersection of the tran- septs, as at the cathedrals of Canterbury, York, and Lin- coln. Ordinary jjarish churches have usually but one tower. In some examples, where there is an entrance to the church through tlu^ lower story of a tower, it is made to form a porch with an open archway on one side, as at Cranbrook, and many other churches iu Kent; or on three sides, as at Newnham, N()rtham|)ton- shire. In towns, towers are sometimes placed over pub- lic thoroughfares, and in such situations are built on open archways. It is not unusual to tind church-tow- ers which batter, or diminish upward: tliese are gen- erally of Norman or Early English date; but in some districts, as in Northamptonshire, this mode of construc- tion was continued to a later period.