.5. The Church, in order tlie better to set forth the maj- esty of so great a sacrifice, has established certain cus- toms— such as saying some thimrs at mass in a low voice, others aloud; and has introduced certain ceremonies— as the benediction, lights, incense, ornaments, etc., after the tradition of the apostles.
(). Although it is to be desired that at every mass all the faithful should communicate, not only spiritually, but also sacramentally, nevertheless the council does not Condemn private masses in which the priest only com- municates, hut, on the contrary, approves and authorizes them, for they are celebrated "by the proper minister in behalf of himself and the faithful.
7. The Church has ordained that the priest shall mix water with the wine, because there is reason to believe that our blessed Lord did so, and because both blood and water issued from his side; which sacred mystery, by the use of this mixture, is remembered.
TRENT, COUNCIL OF
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TRENT, COUNCIL OF
S. Although the mass contains much to edify the peo- ple, ihe fatliei-s did not Judge it right that it should be celebi-aled in the vulgar tongue, aud the Konian Church has preserved the use; nevertheless, the clergy should at times, and especially on festivals, explain to the people some part of what they have read to ihein.
9. Anathematizes, in nine canons, all those who deny tlie affirmative of twelve of the thirteen articles i)r<)posed in the congregation following the twenty-lirst session, viz. the 1st, 3d, 13th, and 4th, 2d, lUth, Tlh, ilth, 5th, Sth, llth, and Gch (which see).
Then followed a decree concerning what should be ob- served or avoided in the celebration of mass:
Bishops were ordeied to forbid and abolish everything which had been introduced through avarice, irreverence, or superstition, sncli as pecuniary agreements for the first masses, and forced exactions made under the name of alms; vagabond and unknown priests were forbidden to celebrate, also those who were notorious evil livers; no masses were to be said in jirivate houses; all music of an impure and lascivious character was forbidden in church- es, and all worldly conversation, profane actions, walking about, etc. Priests were forbidden to say mass out of the prescribed hours, aud otherwise than Church form pre- scribed. It was also ordered to warn the people to come to church ou Sundays aud holidays at least.
In the third place, the decree of reformation was read, containing eleven chapters:
1. Orders that all the decrees of the popes and the coun- cils relating to tlie life, morals, and acquirements of the clergy should be in future observed, under the original and even greater penalties.
2. Kuacis that bishoprics shall be given only to those persons who possess the qualifloaiione required by the canons, and who have been at least six months in holy orders.
3. Permits bishops to appropriate the third part of the revenue of the prebends in any cathedral or collegiate church for daily distributions.
4. Declares that no one under the rank of subdeacon shall have any voice in the chapter; that all the members shall perform their proper offices.
5. Eiiacts that dispensations extra curiitm (i. e. granted anywhere out of the court of Rome) shall be addressed to the ordinary, and shall have no efi'ect until he shall have testitied that they have not been obtaiued surrepti- tiously.
6. Treats of the care to be observed in proving will.«.
7. Orders that legates, nuncios, patriarchs, aud other 8uperi<n' judges shall observe the constitution of Inno- cent IV beginning " Romana," whether in receiving ap- peals or granting prohibitions.
8. Orders that bishops, as the delesrates of the holy see, shall be the executors of all pious gifts, whether by will or otherwise; that to them it appertains to visit hospitals and other similar communities, except those under the immediate protection of the king.
9. Directs that those to whom the care of any sacred fabric is intrusted, whether laymen or clerks, shall be held bound to give account of their administration yearly to the ordinary, unless the original foundation reqiiire them to account to any other.
10. Declares that bishops may examine notaries, and forl)id them the exercise of their office in ecclesiastical matters.
11. Enacts penalties against those who usurp or keep possession of the property of the Church, and pronounces anathemas against them.
With respect to the concession of the cup to the laitA', the- council declared, bj' another decree, that it judged it convenient to leave the decision to the pope, who would act in the matter according as his wisdom should direct hiin.
In a congregation certain articles relating to the reformation of triorals were discussed, and the theolo- gians were instructed to examine eight articles on the subject of the sacrament of orders. This occupied many congregations, in one of which a large number of the prelates, chiefly Spaniards, demanded that there should be ad<le(l to the seventh canon, concerning the institu- tion of bishops, a clause declaring the episcopate to be of divine right. An attempt was made to stifle the dis- cussion, but John Fonseca, a Spanish theologian, among others, entered boldly upon the suljjeet, declaring that it was not, and could not be, forbidden to speak upon the matter. He maintained that bishops were instituted by Jesus Christ, and thus by divine right, and not mere- ly by a right conferred by the pope. The discussion of this question proved highly disagreeable at Rome, and