the doctrine of the Church, the consent of the fathers, and the decrees of the councils; to tench them thj\t the saints otter up prayers for men, and tlnit it is useful to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prtiyers and hel(). It furtlier condemns those who maintain "that the stiints in rest ought not to be invoked, that they do not pray for men, that it is idolatry to invoke tliein, "that it is contrary to Holy Scripture, etc., and that their relics and their tombs ought not to be venerated.
On the subject of images, the council teaches that those of onr Lord, the Blessed Virgin, and of the saints are to be placed in churches; that they ought to receive due veneration, not because they have any divinity or vir- tue in them, but becan.se honor is thus reflected upon those whom tliey represent. By means of these repre- sentations the people are instructed in the mysteries of the faith, and, by thus seeing the good deeds of the saints, are led to bless God, and endeavor themselves to do likewise.
The council then proceeds to anathematize all who hold or teach any contrary doctrine.
Lastly, in order to remedy abuses, it declares that if in any scriptural painting the Divinity is represented under any tigiire, the people should be warned that it is not intended that the Divinity can be seen by mortal eyes; further, that all things tending to superstition in the invocation of saints, the worship of their relics, and the right use of images should be done away with ; that care should be taken not to profane the festivals of the saints, etc. ; that no new miracles or relics shoidd be admitted without the bishop's consent, and that any other abases should be rectified by the bishop and pro- vincial council.
These decrees were followed by one of rcforination, consisting of twenty-two chapters, which relate to the regular clergy. After this another decree, in twenty- one chapters, on general reformation, was read.
A decree was also published upon the subject of in- dulgences to this effect, that the Church, having re- ceived from Jesns Christ the power to grant indul- gences, and having, through all ages, used that power, the council declares that their use shall be retained as being very salutary to Christian persons and approved by the holy councils. It then anathematizes all who maintain that indiilgences are useless, or that the Church has no power to grant them. At the same time, it de- sires that the ancient custom of the Church be adhered to, and that they be granted with care and moderation, forbidding all trafficking in them.
Further, the council e.xhorted all pastors to recom- mend to the observance of all the faithful whatever had been onlered by the Church of liome, established in this or in any one of the oecumenical coimcils, and to im- press upon them especially the due observance of the fasts and festivals of the Church.
The list of books to be proscribed was referred to the pope, as also were the catechism, missal, and breviaries.
Then the secretary, standing up in the midst of the assembly, demanded of the fathers whetlier they were of opinion that the council slKtuld be concluded, and that the legates should request the pope's confirmation of the decrees, etc. The answer in the affirmative was unanimous with the exception of three. The cardinal- president Morone then dissolved the assembly amid loud acclamations.
In a congregation held on the following Sunday, the fathers afhxed their signatures to the number of two hinidred and fifty-tive — viz. fotir legates, two cardinals, three patriarchs, twenty-five archbishops, one hundred and sixty-eight bishops, thirty-nine proctors, seven ab- bots, and .several generals of orders.
The acts of the cnimcil were confirmed by a bull bearing date Jan. 6. 1.564. The Venetians were the first to receive the Tridentine decrees. The kings of France, Spain, Portugal, and Poland also received them in part ; and they were published and received in Flan- ders, in the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, in part of Germany, in Hinigary, Austria, Dalmatia, and some part.
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of South America, also amnnrr the Jraronites. The Clmrclies of England. Irelaiul, Scotland, Kussia, Greece, Syria, Egypt, etc., reject the authority of this council.
In France the Council of Trent is received generally as to doctrine, but not altogether as to discipline. Va- rious regulations which were deemed incom])atiljle with the usages of the kingdom, the liberties of the (iallican Church, the concordat, and the just authority of the king, were rejected (see IMansi, Concil. xiv, 725; Landon, J/aniial of Councils, s. v.).
Literature. — The history of the Council of Trent was written chiefly by two able anil learned Catholics — Era Paolo Sarpi, of Venice, an almost semi-Protestant monk, Istoria del Condlio Tridentino (Lond. 1G19; translations in French and German ; Engl, transl. by Brent, ibid. 1676), in opposition to the papal court, and (against him) cardinal Sforza Pallavicino, Istoria del Concilio di Trento (Home, 1650-57, 2 vols. fol.).
The canons and decrees of the coimcil were first pub- lished by Paul Manutius (Kome, 1564), and often since in different languages. The best Latin edition is by Le Plat (1779), and by Schulte and Kichter (Leips. 1«53) ; and the best English edition is by Hev. J. Waterworth, with a History of the Council (Lond. 1848). The Cate- chism, an authorized summary of the faith drawn up by order of the council, appeared at Home in 1566. I'iie original acts and debates of the council, as prepared by its general secretary, bishop Angelo Massarelli (6 vols. large fol.), were deposited in the Vatican Library, and remained there unpublished for more than three hun- dred years, until they were brought to light, though only in part, by Aug. Theiner, in A eta Gemiina SS. QCcum, Concilii Trident ini mine prinnnn inter/re edita (Lips. 1874. 2 vols.). The most complete collection of the official documents and private reports bearing upon the 'Council is that of Le Plat, Momim. ad fJistnr. Cone. Trident. (Lovan. 1781-87, 7 vols.). New materials were brought to light by Mendham (1834 and 1846) from the MS. history by cardinal Palcotto; by Sicke\, A ctenstiielce aus Osterreiehischen Archiren (Vienna, 1872) ; and by Dr. Dollinger, Unr/edruckte Beriehte nnil Tarjebucher zur Geschichte des Cone, von Trient ( Nordlingen, 1876, 2 pts.). Among Protestant historians of the Council of Trent are Salig (1741-45. 3 vols.) ; Danz (1846) ; Buck- ley (Lond. 1852); and Bnngener (Paris, 1854; Engl, transl. N. Y. 1855). On the Tridentine standards see SchaflT, History of the Creeds of Christendom (1876), i, 90 s(|. See, in general, also Cunningham, IHst. Theol. (see Index); ITagenbach, Ilist.of Doetrines (see Index); Mosheira, Eeeles. IHst. vol. iii (Index). In particular see The Council of Trent and its Proceedinys (Presb. Board of Pul)lication, Pliila. 1835, 18mo) ; Pallavicino, Ilisf.du Conc.de Trente (Montrouge, 1844, 3 vols. 8vo); Dupin, Hist, du Conc.de Trente (Brussels, 1721, 2 vols. 4to); Salig, Vollst. Hist, des Tr. Cone. (Halle, 1741, 3 Vols. 4to) ; Courayer, Hist, de la Reception du Cone, de Trente (Amst. 1756). See Coun'cils.