III. Turkish-Greek. — This, like the preceding version, is Turkish, but printed in Greek letters. In 1782 the Psalms, translated into Turkish by Seraphim, metropoli- tan of Karamania, were printed in Greek letters ; and in 1810 a Turkish version of the Acts and Epistles was printed in the same character at Venice. In conse- quence of inquiries instituted in 1818 by Dr. Pinkerton, respecting the state of the Christian inhabitants of the ancient Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Phrygia, Pisidia, Cilicia, and Lj'caonia, it was ascertained that these poor people are all Greeks or Armenians, accjuainted with no lan- guage but that of their Turkish masters. As they were unable to read or write except in their native charac- ters, the British and Foreign Bible Society published the Turkish Testament in Greek letters, the translation having been made by Messrs. Goodell and Bird. This edition was printed at Constantinople in 1828. In or- der to make it more conformable to the provincial mode of speaking Turkish which prevails among the Greek Christians of Asia Minor, Mr. Leeves, agent of the soci- ety, undertook a new and revised version, assisted by Mr. Christo Nicolaides, of Pliiladclphia, who joined Mr, Leeves in 1832, and from tliat period to 1839 was unin- terruptedly employed in the undertaking. Tlie i)rint- ing of the entire Bible was commenced at Syra, and af- terwards transferred to Athens. In 18(35 the Psalms, revised with great care under the editorial superintend- ence of the Rev. Dr. Riggs, passed through the press; and in 1870 the whole Bible, with marginal references, was published in Constantinople. See, besides the Bi- ble of Every Land, the Annual Reports of the British and Foreign and American Bible Societies; and Reed, The Bible Work of the World (Loud. 1879). (B. P.)
Turlupins, the French name for the Brkthrex OF THE Fkkk Spirit (q. v.). The origin of the word is unknown, though it is thought to be connected with wolfish or predatory habits.
Turner, Daniel, an English Baptist minister, was born at Blackwater, Hertfordshire, March 1, 1710. He first settled at Reading, and after devoting some years to school-teaching, became, in 1748, pastor of the Baptist Church in Abingdon, Berkshire, which position he filled till his death, Sept. 5, 1798. Many of his publications were highly approved ; among them were. Compendium of Social Relif/ion (1758, 8vo) : — Letters Religious and Moral (1766, 8vo) : — Meditations on Scripture (Abing. 1771, 12mo): — Dissertations on Religion (\l~f>, 8vo) : — Essays on Religion (1780, 2 vols. ; Oxf. 1787, 2 vols. r2mo) : — Expositions on Scripture (Lond. 1790, 8vo), See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. v.; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. A uthors, s. v.
Turner, Francis, an English prelate of the, 17th century, received his education at Winchester School, graduated at New College, Oxford, April 14, 1659, and took his degree of A.M. there in 1663. He received his degree of D.D. July 6, 1669, and in the following December was collated tothe prebend of Sneating, in
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St. Paul's. He succeeded Dr. Dunning to the see of Chichester, and followed him in tlie mastership of St. John's College, Cambridge, April 11, 1670, In 1083 he was made dean of Windsor; was consecrated bishop of Kochester, Nov. 11 ; and Aug. 23, 1G8-1, was translated to the bisliopric of Ely. He was one of the six bishops who joined archbishop Sancroft on May 18, 1688, in re- fusing to read the Deduration for Liberty of Con- science, and with them was committed, June 8, to the Tower, but was acquitted on the •29th. Refusing to take the oath when William and Mary ascended the throne, he was deprived of his bishopric, and lived in retirement till his death, Nov. 2, 1700. He wrote, A Vindication of the late Archbishop Sancroft and his Brethren, etc. : — Animadversions on the Naked Truth: — Letters to the Clergy of his Diocese: — Brief Memoirs of Nicholas Ferrar (2d ed. 1837, 12mo): — Sermons (1681-85). See Bliss's Wood, A then. Oxon. iv, 545; Burnett, Own Times ; Macaulay, Hist, of England, ch. xiv, xvi, xvii ; Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. v. ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Anier. Authors, s. v.
Turner, James (1), a Presbyterian minister, was born in Bedford County, Va., May 7, 1759. He was con- verted in 1789, licensed to preach in 1791, and ordained and installed as colleague pastor with the fJev. James Mitchel, July 28, 1792, in what was then called the Peaks Congregation. He also took charge of the New London Congregation. Here he spent the whole of his minis- terial life, and died, Jan. 8, 1828. He was exceeding- ly attractive as a preacher; a man of real genius; ac- knowledged to be unrivalled among the clergy of Vir- ginia in his power over the passions of men. See Sprague, A nnals of the A mer. Pulpit, iii, 581 ; Foote, Sketches of Virginia, 2d series.
Turner, James (2), an English Congregational minister, was born at Oldham, March, 1782. Hewasedu- cated at Rotherham College, and ordained at Knutsford in 1808, which place became the chief centre of his ex- ertions. He was for years secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society and the Cheshire Union of Inde- pendent Ministers. His judgment and clearness of mind were often consulted in private business, and great confidence was reposed in him. He died May 22, 1863. See (Lond.) Cong. Year-book, 1864, p. 248.