The principal theological works of Turretini, from which his tendency may most readily be learned, are, Nuhes Testium pro Moderato et Pacijico de Rebus Theol. Judicio et Instituenda inter Protestantes Concordia (1729), with a dissertation on the fundamental articles of the faith annexed. Such articles he describes as "quorum cognitio atque fides ad Dei gratiam salutemque obtiuen- dam necessaria est." This dissertation exposed Tur- retini to attack from two different directions : first, fnrm the Jesuit De Pierre, Lyons, 1728, who sought to show that the Reformed Church had no greater reason to renounce the communion of the Church of Rome than that of the Lutheran Church; and, second, from Crin- sons, Protestant pastor of Bionens, 1727. A second and more important work is his Cogitationes et Disserta- tiones Theologicm, in which he displaj's a liberal type of orthodoxy. He emphasizes the importance of natu- ral theology in genuine Reformed fashion, but holds that revealed religion has for its object merely the sup- plementing and completing of what natural religion
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teaches. He recognises the existence of mysteries in revealed religion, but zealously rejects foreign and scho- lastic additions in theology. With respect to the doc- trine of the divine decrees, he avoids, as he does every- where, all extreme statements, but lays hold on the elements of practical utility in the teaching. With reference to the doctrine of Divine Providence, he rep- resented the optimistic Leibnitzian theory. He fol- lowed that philosopher also in his rejection of innate ideas. The Coyilcitiones contained much apologetical material, and earned for their author an honorable place among apologists (see Feh, Eiicydop. [). SQi). The form in which his apologetical ideas were given to the French world of readers by Vernet is, it should be noted, revised and altered, in the tirst editions with the author's consent, as Vernet claimed; but the improve- ment progressed with each successive edition, and Ver- net clearly reveals the deism of the 18th century in his work.
In 1725 Turretini was commissioned to deliver the so-called Cloture des Promotions, an address in the French language, together with the charge prescribed by the laws for the occasion, when the Two Hundred and the General Assembly of citizens were to elect the principal magistrates of the State. The tiventy-tive addresses which he delivered to these bodies were high- ly commended because of the striking and practical ideas with which they were filled. He also took active part in the improvement of the liturgy, in the ordering of week-day services, in the publication of a new eiUtion of the French New Test. (172G), in the forming of a so- ciety for the religious instruction of youth, and linallj' in the introduction of the public confirmation of cate- chumens. He rendered important services to the churches of Hungary, Transylvania, the Palatinate, and the Waldenses, and maintained an extensive corre- spondence with Switzerland, England, Holland, Ger- many, etc. George II of England and his consort honored him with expressions of their favor, and em- ployed him in works of benevolence. His last years were disturbed by the troubles of Geneva in 1734. He died May 1, 1737. After his death were issued from the press his Comment. Theoret.-pract. in Ep. ad Thes- salonic. (Basle, 1739): — Prcelectiones on Romans xi (Geneva, 1741): — and a tractate on the exposition of Scripture (Berlin, 1766). A complete edition of his works appeared in Leeuwarden in 1775.
Sources. — Senebier, Hist. Lit. de_ Geneve, ii, 259 ; Sa- vons, Hist, de la Lit. Franc, a VEtr anger, etc. (18.53); Cellerier, LWcadkmie de Geneve (1855); Vernet, Elocje Historique, sur J. A. Tur. in the Bibl. Raisonnee, xxi; various biographical dictionaries; and Wevzog, Real- Encyklop. s. v.
Turri, in the mythology of the Finns, was a god of war and hunting, living in steep rocky caverns, and was worshipped as the god of the nation.
Turrigera (or Turrita) (tower-bearer or towered), in Roman mythology, was a surname of Cybele.
Turselin (Lat. Tursellinns'), Horace, a learned and indefatigable Jesuit of Rome, was born in 1545, and taught rhetoric in that city twenty years, and was rec- tor of several colleges. He promoted the study of belles-lettres in his society, and died at Rome, April 6, 1599. His principal works are. Life of St. Francis Xavier (best ed. 1596, 4to) : — History of Loretto (8vo) : — Treatise on the Latin Particles: — Abridgment of Uni- versal History from the Creation to 1598, etc. (best edi- tions are those which have a continuation by father Philip Briet, 1618-61; the best French translations are by abbe Lagneau, Paris, 1757, 4 vols. Timo). See Chal- mers, Biog. Diet. s. v.
Turstine, a monk of Caen, in Normandy, who, in 1081, was sent over to England and installed first Nor- man abbot of Glastonburj' Abbey. Through his influ- ence, William I granted the abbey a charter, restoring its lost lands, and confirming all its privileges. In a
general council, he opposed the assumptions of Giso, bishop of Wells, and was so successful that Giso had to go to Glastonbury and there have decided the question of jurisdiction over the two minor monasteries, Muchel- ney and Etheling. Turstine then turned his attention to the internal arrangements of tlie abbey, but by his in- troduction of foreign practices brought about insubordi- nation among the monks. French soldiers were brought in, who slew some of the monks while in the sanctuary. Turstine was obliged to retire to Normandy in dis- grace. William H permitted him to return to the ab- bey on payment of five hundred pounds in silver, but he seems not to have stayed there. See Hill, English Monasticism, p. 247, 248, 252.