Ukklima, the great spirit of the Esquimaux, a be- ing of infinite goodness, to whom they apply for the sat- isfying of all their wains.
Uknaz. See Kexaz 4.
U'lai [many U'l(n'\ (Ileb. Ulay', "h^X [in pause ■^s^S], probably Pehlri Am-Halesh, i. e. "pure water;" Sept. OiiKa'i; Theodotion, OiT/3d\ ; Vulg. Ulai') is men- tioned by Daniel (viii, 2, 16) as a river near Susa, where he saw his vision of the ram and the he-goat. It has generally been identified with the Eulmus of the Greek and Koman geographers (Jlarc. Heracl. p. 18; Arrian, A>jt). vl /. vii, 7 ; Strabo, xv, 3, 22; Ptolemy, vi, 3; Pliny, //. A', vi, 31), a large stream in the immediate neighbor- hood of that city. This identification may be safely al- lowed, resting as it does on the double ground of close verbal resemblance in the two names, and comjilete agreement as to the situation. The Euteus has been by many identified with the Choaspes, which is un- doubtedly the modern Kerkhah, an affluent of the Ti- gris, flowing into ii; a little below Kiirnah. By others it has been regarded as the Kuran, a large river con- siderably farther to the eastward, which enters the Khor Bamishir, near ^lohammerah. Some have even sug- gested that it may have been the Shapur or Shahir, a small stream which rises a few miles N. W. of Susa, and flows by the ruins into the Dizful stream, an atHucnt of the Kuran.
1. The general grounds on which the Eiilanis has been identified with the Choaspes, and so with the Kerkhah (Salmasiiis, Iiosenmiiller, Wahl, Kitto, etc.), are the mention of each separately by ancient Avriters as "the river of Susa," and, more especially, the state- ments made by some (Strabo, Pliny) that the water of the EuliBus, by others (Herod., Athena-us, Plutarch, Q. Curtius) that that of the Choaspes, was the only water tasted by the Persian kings. Against the identification it must be noticed that Strabo, Pliny, Solinus, and Poly- clitus ( ap. Strabo, xv, 3, 4) regard the rivers as distinct, and that the lower course of the EuUeus, as described by Arrian {Exp. A I. vii, 7) and Pliny (//. A^. vi, 26), is such as cannot possibly be reconciled with that of the Ker- khah river,
2. The grounds for regarding the EuLrus as the Ku- ran are decidedly stronger than those for identifying it with the Kerkhah or Choaspes. No one can compare the voyage of Nearchus. in Arrian's Indica, with Ar- rian's own account of Alexander's descent of the Eula-ns (vii, 7) without seeing that the Eulasus of the one nar- rative is the Pasitigris of the other, and that the Pasi-
ULAM
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tigris is the Kuran is almost luiiversally admitted. In- deed, it may be said tliat all aeeoiiiits of the lower Eu- lieus — those ofArrian, riiiiy, I'olyclitus, and I'tolemy — identify it, beyond the possibility of mistake, with the lower Kuran, and that so far there ought to be no con- trovers}'. The difficulty is with respect to the itpper EuliBus. The f^ulaius, according to Pliny, surrounded the citadel of Susa (vi, 27), whereas even the Dizful branch of the Kuran does not come within six miles of the ruins. It lay to the west, not only of the Pasitigris (Kuran), but also of the Coprates (river of Dizful), ac- corfling to Diodorus (xix, 18, 19). 8o far, it might be the Skdpiu; hut for two objections. The Shapur is too small a stream to have attracted the general notice of geographers, and its water is of so bad a character that it could never have been chosen for the royal table {Geograph. Journ. ix, 70). There is also an important notice in Pliny entirely incompatible with the notion that the short stream of the Shapur, which rises in the plain about five miles to the N.N.VV. of Susa, can be the true Eulfeus. Pliny says (vi, 31) the Eulieus rose in Media, and flowed through Mesobatene. Now, this is exactly true of the upper Kerkhah, which rises near Hamadan (Ecbatana), and flows down the district of Mahsabadan (Mesobatene).
The result is that the various notices of ancient writ- ers appear to identify the upper Eulanis with the upper Kerkhah, and the lower Eidicus, quite unmistakably, with the lower Kuran. A recent survey of the ground has suggested a satisfactory explanation. It appears that the Kerkhah once bifurcated at Pai Pul, about twenty miles north-west of .Susa, sending out a branch which passed east of the ruins, absorbing into it the Shapur, and flowing on across the plain in a S.S.E. di- rection till it fell into the Kuran at Ahwaz ( Loftus, Chaldd'a and Hn.tiana, p. 424, 425). Thus, the upper Kerkhah and the lower Kuran were in old times united, and might be viewed as forming a single stream.. The name Eulasus (Ulai) seems to have applied most prop- erly to the eastern branch stream from Pai Pul to Ahwaz; the stream above Pai Pul was sometimes called the EulaBus, but was more properly the Choaspes, which was also the sole name of the western branch, or present course, of the Kerkhah from Pai Pul to the Tigris. The name Pasitigris was proper to the upper Kuran from its source to its junction with the Euheus, after which the two names were equally applied to the lower river. The Dizful stream, which was not very generally known, was called the Coprates. It is believed that this view of the river names will reconcile and make in- telligible all the notices of them contained in the an- cient writers. It follows from this that the water which the Persian kings drank, both at the court and when they travelled abroad, was that of the Kerkhah, taken probably from the eastern branch, or proper P>u- laeus, which washed the walls of Susa, and (according to Pliny) was used to strengthen its defences. This water was, and still is, believed to possess peculiar light- ness (Strabo, xv, 3, 22 ; Geograph. Journ. ix, 70), and is thought to be at once more wholesome and more pleas- ant to the taste than alm<ist any other. — Smith.