es, No. 7.
Ultimate Appeal to Scriptuhe Authority. It is the opinion of some persons that a consi<lerable portion of the essentials of Christianity is not to be found in Scripture, but in a supplementary tradition, which is to be sought in the works of those early fa- thers who were orthodox. Others, again, utterly op- pose such notions; and, indei>endently of the consid- eration that upon such a theorj' the foundations of a Christian's faith and hope become inaccessible to near- ly the whole of the laity, and to much the greater part of the clergy, they reject the system on its own account. They acknowledge the authority of no private individ- ual, ancient or modern, in a question of doctrine. With true respect for all who are entitled to it, and with a just acknowledgment of the valuable instruction to be derived from their works, they yet consider that, be they of what age or of what coimtry they may. anti- Nicene, or post-Nicene, Popish or Protestant, they are not to stand with them, as Christians, in place of the Holy Scriptures; or, as Christian ministers, in place of their own Church. — Eden, Chiirchman^s Diet. s. v. See Faith, Kui.e of.
Ultor (iha Avenger'), in Roman mythology, was a surname of Mars, in whose honor a temple was built by Augustus for the revenge upon the murderers of Julius Ciesar.
Ultramontanists ( from vltrn montes, " beyond the niountains"), the name applied to those who recog- nise the papal claim of supremacy over every part of the Church, as well as over every sovereign within its boundaries; and also, since 1870. to those who accept the decrees of the Vatican Council. L'ltramontanism dates from Gregory VII, who propounded the following claims: '-Quod solus papa possit uti imperialibus in- signiis; quod solius paj)ffi pedes omnes principes deos- culentur; quod illi liceat imperatores deponere; quod a fidelitate iniquorum sidijectos potest absolvere." These views are principally maintained in the Italian peuiusida, but it is the tone generally adopted by Eng- lish seceders. The free action of national churches is wholly superseded b}' such pretensions. The theory has apparently grown up from the feudal relations of the papacy as a temporal power. An assertionof au- thority so incompatible with catholic liberty aroused opposition on the other side of the Alps, in the (Jallican and fierman churches, and in the Swiss cantons. Bel- larmine's statements are important as regards papal infallibility. He sets t'ort.h the opinion of divines in four propositions: (1) "The Roman pontiff ruling any
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point, even in an oecumenical council, may be fjnilty of heresy, and of teaching otliers heresy — which has de facto happened;" (2) "The Roman pontiff" may be heretical and teach heresy, if he rule anything apart from synodical assistance, and this has happened de facto ,•" (3) " The pope cannot be in any way heretical, nor teach heresy publicly, even though he rule any point on his own responsibility alone;" (4) That '■ whether the pope can be heretical or not, he can rule nothing heretical as a point to be believed by the whole Church." After the Council of Constance the question of the direct or indirect power of the papacy over states and sovereigns became the chief point of dispute, and everywiiere assinned a national character. In Germany Febronius (bishop Hontheim) wrote a pow- erful work against Ultramontanism ; and in 17^6, at the Convenlion of Kms, the archbishops of Mentz, Treves, Cologne, and Salzburg denounced it. In Italy its chief opponent in the last century was Scipione IJicci, bishop of Pistoja, who convened a synod in that city, September, 1780, and promulgated disciplinary de- crees and a doctrinal exposition favoring extreme (ial- licanism and Jansenism. These were partially con- firmed, April '23, 1787, by an assembly of tlie bisliops of Tuscanv, but were condemned by Pius VI, in the dog- matic bull A uctorem Jidei, Aug. 28, 1794.
Among modern assertors of the Ultramontane theory the most strenuous are English Romanists, especially neophytes. Among Continental writers are bishop Ziegler, Das hitholitic/ie Glaubenspiincip ; Carove, Die alkiustliffiiuicliende Kirche; Der Piipst im Verhdltniss ziim Kal/iolicisnnis ; and the abbe Lamennais in his Journal VAvenir. Perhaps the work of greatest in- tlueuce is Mohler's Symholik (1832). For a fuller ac- count of the controversies to which the claims of Ultra- montanism have given rise, see Immaculate Concep- tion ; iNKALLiBiLixy; Papacy.
Ultraquist, a terra of reproach, in the 16th cen- tury, against certain persons who were permitted by their ecclesiastical rulers, in opposition to Roman cus- tom, to communicate under both kinds in the sacra- ment of the altar. — Lee, Gloss, of Liturg. Terms, s. v.
XJma, in the epic and Puranic mythology of India, is one of the principal names of the consort of Siva. She is also called Dunju, Devi, Kali, Parvuti, Bhuvaiii; while there are many more belonging to her of less fre- quent occurrence, as Katyut/ani, A mhika, Haimavati, Siva, etc. She was the younger of two sisters ((janga being the older), and was so beautiful that she remain- ed thirty-six thousand years in the embrace of Siva, her husband. She was, however, barren, and inflicted upon all the gods the curse of remaining childless. She also cursed the earth, making it constantly sidycct to change, and to be the wife of many husbands. In great anxiety, the gods now all turned to Brahma, who prom- ised that heaven should not be depopulated, and that U ma's elder sister, (Janga, should, by Siva, become moth- er of a son who should command the heaveidy hosts in the great Diemon-war. Thus it happened that (ianga became pregnant by Siva, and so also Uma. where- upon the latter became reconciled and withdrew the curse. Tliough the popular creed regarded Uma far more as the tyiie of destruction than as that of divine wisdom, yet the works devoted to her praise never fail to extol her also as the personiticaiion of the highest knowledge. The myths relating to this goddess, who is worshipped in various parts of India — particularly in Bengal — are met with in the great epic poems and Pu- runas, in jioetical works such as the Kumarasambhava, and in modern popular compositions. She is as Kali (q. V.) the favorite divinity of the Thugs, See Moor, Hindu Pantheon; Mu'ir, Original Sanxciif Texts (Lond. 1863), vol. iv; the J/arirun.fa, translated by Langlois (Paris, 1834-3.y); and the Markandtiia Piirdna, in the Bibliothecu Indica, edited by Rev. K. M, Banerjea (Cal- cutta, 1862).