Universe, as defined by Dr. Porter (Human Intel- lect, p. 640), is the collective whole, the totality of be- ing as a iniit; the world, in its philosophical or univer- sal sense. For its origin, see Cheation ; Would.
University, a universal school; an assembly of students of all countries, students in every branch of learning, in one general society, having their own seal and place of business. Camden says the term was gen- erally used in the reign of Henry HI (of England). Dur-
UNKNOWN GOD
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UNWIN
ing the 12th century there were several eminent uni- versities in Europe. Spain and (ierinany tiad univer- sities of schools where the students I'ormed part of the corporation. Paris and Knghuid liail universities of masters only ; some in (ierinany and France were of either kind. See Collegk.
Uiikno-wn God {iiyiHorrrot: St/ic, A. V. unfortu- nately •• ///c unknown (iod." instead of '•«« unknown God" J, the inscriplion ohscrved hy Paul on some site consecrated to a deity whose name had been lost — a fact which he ingeniously adduces in his speech before the citizens to show their scrupidousness, and to lead them to the knowledge of the true (iod (Acts xvii. 23). There is no evidence that it was a spot dedicated to the wor- ship of Jehovah, as some commentators have imagined. See the monographs cited by Volbeding, Index Pru- giamtiiatum,i).S-2. See Altar; Athens.
Unknown Tongue (1 Cor. xiv, 2, 4, 13, U. 19, 27) is a gloss of the A. V. ; for the Greek has simply ■yXMryrra. a tonyuc, obviously meaning a difterent living language from that ordinarily employed by the speaker (y\w(T(Ta tripa, Mark xvi, 17 ; Acts ii, 4). Others un- derstand an ecstatic utterance of abrupt, incoherent, and unintelligible expressions which needed an interpreter. See the monographs cited by Volbeding, Index Pro- (frammatum, p. 73. See Spiuitual Giets.
Unlearned {iiypa^if^iaroQ, unlettered, Acts iv, 13; ctfiaiiic, iiiiin.^tnicled, 2 Pet. iii, IG; cnratCtvTog, un- tutored, 2 Tim. ii, 23 ; icitijTijc, private, 1 Cor. xiv, 16, 23, 24; "ignorant," Acts iv, 13; "rude," 2 Cor. xi, fi). In Acts iv, 13, the Jewish literati apply the term to Peter and John, in the same sense in wliich they asked, with regard to our Lord himself, " How knoweth this man letters, having never learned" (John vii, 15). In nei- ther case did they mean to say that they had been al- together without the benetits of the common etiucation, which consisted in reading and writing, and in an ac- quaintance with the sacred books; but tliat they were not learned men, had not sat at the feet of any of the great doctors of the law, and had not been instructed in the mysteries and refinements of their peculiar learn- ing and literature. An apostle also uses it to describe those who are little acc|u;nnred with the mind of God and the teaching of his Spirit (2 Pet. iii, IG). The " un- learned questions" mentioned by Paul are those which do not tend to edification in sound and substantial re- ligious knowledge. See Education.
Unleavened Bread (nS^,ar)7(oc). bread baked from unfermented dough. The Hebrews early knew the art of raising bread by means of leaven ("^Xp, yon, si''/ijj; on the various ancient kinds of this see Pliny, xviii, 26) prepared from the dregs or yeast of wine, or from a mixture of fiour and water, which spon- taneously ferments if allowed to stand, and which may, eitlier moist or dried, be preserved for a cousiderable period for this purpose (Mishna, /V.s(/c//, iii, 1; Cludhi, i, 7; comp. llarmer, Ohserr. iii, G5). Sometimes they baked bread without being leavened, especially when in paste (Gen. xix, 3; Judg. vi, 19; 1 Sam. xxviii, 24), as the modern Bedawin regularly do (Arvieux, iii, 227). This was formally presented for the paschal cakes (niS'?, Exod. xii, 8, 15, 20; xiii, 3, 6 sq.), and this fact became a symbol of the festival which thence was pop- ularly designated as '' the feast of unleavened bread." See PASSOVEii. In fact, the Jews were expressly jiro- hibited from all use of leaven during the seven days of its continuance, and even from having any leaven in their houses for all that time (Exod. xii, 19; xiii, 7; comp. 1 Cor. v, 7); so that they were obliged to seek and carefully remove all traces of it on the eve of the 14th of Nisan (see Petach, i-iii; Schiiltgen, Hor. Hehr. i, .598). They usually burned it (I'exnch, ii, 1), but not in an oven; and were so scrupidous as not even to allow domestic animals to eat it during that period {ibid.). The sacrificial cakes of the meat-offering were also re-
quired to contain no leaven (Exod. xxix, 2 ; Lev. ii, 11; Numb, vi, 15, 19; comp. Amos iv, 5; Mishna, Me- nuc. V, 1 ; Pesach, i, 5 ; see Otho, Lex. Piibb. p. 227 : a similar usage prevailed in the Roman ritual; see Plu- tarch, (2'"'«'-'''- Pi>m. 109; comp. ('asaubon, on Pers. Siit. il; on the other hand, the Pentecostal loaves, which represented the usual food of men, were leavened (Lev. xxiii, 17). Also the cakes which served as a basis (perhaps by way of platter) for the thank-offering were baked with leaven (Lev. vii, 13). — Winer. See Bhead ; Leaven.
Un'ni (Ileb. Unni', "^iS [but text in Neh. Uimo', ii"], according to (Jesen. for rni"*3 [dej)ressed~\, but ac- cording to Fiirst for ITS" \^Unni(ih, heard of Jehoruhl; Sept. variously, ilvi v. r. Aj'i, 'lavvi, etc.; Vulg. Ani, llanni). the name of two Levites.