Vaccaro was successful. But Giordano soon carried all before him in art, and Vaccaro, attempting to comjiete with him in fresco, which he had not studied in his youth, lost his reputation. One of his best works is a Hull/ Famili/, at Naples. He died at Naples in 1070. See Spooner, Bii)f/. Hist, of the Fine A ?is, s. v.
Vaccaro, Domenico Antonio, an Italian sculp- tor and architect, born at Naples in 1080. After receiv- ing a good education he studied architecture, and attain- ed considerable eminence. His principal works are, at Naples, the church called Di Monte Calvino, the Teatro Nuovo, the Church of San Michele Arcangelo, and oth- er buildings; in other parts of Italy, the Tarcia Palace, at Portici; the Church of San Giovanni, at Capua, and others. See Spooner, Biof/. Hist, of the Fine Arts. s. V.
Vaccary (Lat. vacca, "a cow"), an old monastic term for a cow-house.
Vach (Sanscrit, .t/)eecA), another name oi Sm-aswati (q. v.), the wife, or female energy, of the Hindu god Brahma.
Vachaspati (Sanscrit, vach, "speech," and jniti, "lord"), in Hindu mythology, is one of the usual names of Vrihaspati (q. v.), the instructor of the gods.
Vachery, a term frequently found in monastic in- ventories and domestic MSS., denoting a pen or enclos- ure for cows.
Vaciina, in ancient Italian mythology, was a god- dess of agriculture, who was worshipped after harvest- ing time, and was honored by rest.
Vade-niecuni (Lat. rude, "go," and mecum, "with me"), a book of prayers which a person carries with him as a constant companion.
Vaeck, Alarpus, a Lutheran theologian of the 17th century, is the author of Tractatus de Principio Prinue I'heologice Jesuiticce: — De Judice Controveisiarum : — Contra Pontijicios de Reducenda Unione Ecclesiastica. See Jocher, A llgemeitivs Gelehrten-Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)
Vaga, PiERiNO DEL, an Italian artist, was born at a small village near Florence in 1500. His true name was Pietro Buoiinacorsi, but he was called by the above name after Del Vaga, one of his instructors, who led him to Rome, and introduced him into the school of Raphael. At an early age he was employed to assist in the decora- tions of the Vatican (q. v.), executing a number of the finest frescos from the designs of Raphael. One of the earliest works of his own design and execution was the Creation of Ere, in the Church of San Marcello, which Lanzi pronounces a " most finished performance." He fled from Italy at the sacking of Rome by the Spaniards iu 1527, and in 1628 arrived, in a state of distress, at (ienoa, where he was employed by prince Doria in deco- rating his magnificent palace. It was here that he achieved his greatest distinction. He executed many works in Lucca, Pisa, Genoa, and elsewhere. Late in life he returned to Rome, where he was much employed
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by the pope, Paul III, who gave him an annuity of three hundred ducats. About 1543 he undertook the direc- tion of the paintings for the Sala Kegia [see Vatican], but before the c<>in|)letion of this work he died, in 1547. See Spooner, hiog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, s. \-.
Vagantes (Ci.kuici), or Vagi. This title was, in the language of the ancient canon law, applied to clergymen who were not employed in and supjiorted by a delinite office in the C'linrch. Such "acephalous," wandering clergymen were at times very numerous, es- pecially in countries which were not fully converted to Christianity. It was not always possible to assign a definite parish to the missionary who was sent forth to labor among a heathen population. But the Vtif/uufeg were found also in Christian lands. Sometimes they were persons ordained in order to do missionary work whom persecution or fear had compelled to return; and often they were impostors who had fraudulently se- cured ordination at the bauds of some careless prelate. This class of persons was always disposed to traffic with its ministerial functions, not only in the way of assist- ing regularly inducted clergymen in their work, for pay, but also, and much more frequently, by accepting ser- vice as chaplains in the retiinie of nobles, and stooping to the performance of the most menial and degrading ottiees. Decrees against such clergymen were issued, in occasional instances, as early as the 4th and oth centu- ries. The Council of Chalcedon positively prohibited the ordinutio absoluta s. vaga (can. 6, \npoTovt\v cnro- Xiirtug), and the older canons enforced the principle '• Ne quis vage ordinetur." Complaints against the A''agantes became especially numerous in the Carlovingi- an period, and were often renewed. See the Capitubi- ries of 789 and 794 b\' Charlemagne, and comp. Concil. Mogunt. An. 847, and C. Ticinense, An. 850, in Mansi, Concil. xiv, 906, 938 ; Agobard of Lyons, De Piivilegio et Jure Sacerdotii; the Vita of Godehard of Hildesheim, iv, 26 ; Gerhi)h of Reichersberg, lAber de Corriipta Kccles. in Baluz, Miscellan. v, 89 sq., and Tractut. adv. Sinioniacos, in Martene and Durand, Thes. Nov. Anecdot. v, 1459 sq. Bishops in the Church of Rome are forbidden to confer superior orders on a clergyman who has no definite titnlus henejicii, on penalty of be- coming personally responsible for his support (c. 4 et 16, X, De Prieb. et Dignit. iii, 5; Cone. Trid. Sess. xxiii, c. 23, De Ref.). The Vagantes may now be considered as having ceased to exist in that Church. See Bing- ham, Orig. Eccl. ii. 387 S(j. ; Planck, Oesch. d. vhristl. Ge- sellschaftsverf. i, 375; ii, 100 sq. ; Ncander, Church Hist. vol. ii ; Du Cange, Glossar. Med. et Inf. Latinit. vi, 1392 ; Ilerzog, Reul-Encyklop. s. v. See Vacantivi.