1. Declares that it shall not he necessary to exnmhie the Gallicau bishops before receiving them to comninn- ion, hut that it shall be enough to be assured that they are not exconimuuicated.
2. Declares that the offerings of penitents dyins: sud- denly without receiving the communion may neverthe- less be received, and that mention is to he made of their names at the altars. It permits them burial.
3. Orders priests and deacons to receive the holy chrism at Easter from their own bishojjs.
6. Forbids all intimacy with the enemies of religiim.
9 and 10. Are for the protection of the repiitatiou of those who, out of charity, take charge of deserted chil- dren.
See Mansi, Condi. \\\, 1456.
II. Was held Nov. 5, 529. Twelve bishops attended, among whom were St. Caasarius of Aries, who presided. Five canons were published.
1. Enjoins that parish jiriests shall receive into their houses young readers (being single), acccnding to the excellent custom in Italy ; that they shall provide for them, and teach them to cliant tlie I*salms, and make them read and study the Holy Scriptures.
2. Declares that a priest may preach in his own parish, hut that when he is ill, the deacous shall read the llomi- lies of the fathers.
3. Orders the frequent repetition of the Kurie Eleisnn at matins, mass, and vespers: and that the :Sanctus be sung three limes at mass even iu Lent, and in masses for the dead.
4. Orders that mention be made of the pope at every mass.
5. Orders that the verse "As it was in the beginning,*' etc., shall be chanted after the Gloria Patri.
See JMansi. Concil. iv, 1679 ; Landon, Manual of Coun- cils, p. 669-670.
Vajez'atha [some Vajeza'tha'] (Heb. Vayezatha', XrT^^, prob. from Pers. vayii, "wind," and zatka, "strong;" Sept. ZajSv^ciiog v. r. Za[iovya^a and Zo- jSovCE^av; Yu]g. Jezath(t"), last named of the ten sons of Hainan slain by the Jews at Shushan (Esth. i.x, 9). B.C. 473.
Val, Andre du, a French theologian, was born Jan. 18, 1564, at Pontoise. In 1594 he was made doctor of theology at the Sorbonne. atid died Sept. 9, 1638, as gen- eral-superior of the Carmelite Order at Paris. He wrote, De Siiprema Romarii Ponlificis in Ecclesiam Potestate JHsputatio : — Elenchus Libelli de Ecclesiastica et Politica Potestate: — Commentarii in Pi-imam Seciindm Partis et Secuiulam Seci/ndm Puiiis Summce I). Thomm. See Jocher, AUyemeines Gelehrten- l.exikon, s. v.; Winer, Handhiich der theol. Literatur, i, 671. (B. P.)
Valadon, le Pere Zaciiarik, a French Capuchin and missionary, was born about 1680. He labored in Asia INIinor, but is especially noted for his devotion to the suffering people during the plague at Marseilles. He died in 1746. See Michaud, Biographic Universelle (Paris, 1843-66).
Valckenaer, Lodewijk Caspar, a Friesian philol- ogist, born at Leeuwarden in 1715. He studied at Fran- eker and Leyden ; became co-rector of the gymnasium of Cainpen; professor of Creek at Franeker (1741); re- moved to Leyden as professor of the Greek language and antiquities, and died there, jMarch 14, 1785. Among his works are, De A ristobnlo Judceo : — Selecta e Scholiis L. C. Valckenarii in Lihros quosdam N. T., published by Wassenbergh (Amst. 1815, 2 vols. 8vo).
Valdes (Ital. Valdesso), Alfon.so and Juan de, were twin brothers from the town of Cuenca, in Castile, and born about A.D. 1500. who in their early years be- came attached to the Castilian court, and, at a later day, sustained relations of some practical importance towards the Reformers of the 16th century and their work.
1. Alfonso accompanied the court, in 1520, to the coronation of the emperor Charles V at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, and thence to Worms. From the latter town he wrote letters to friends in Spain, in which he depre- cated the course which the pope had adopted towards Luther. He had just witnessed the burning of Luther's writings at Worms when he wrote. In 1524 Alfonso was an imperial secretary of state under the grand- chancellor Gattinara; and in 1527 he began an episto- lary correspondence with Erasmus, the great humanist, whose writings had shortly before been committed to the flames in Spain, and in whose defence he had been a most anient advocate, as against the fanatical mob of excited monks. In the same year (1527) occurred the storming of Korae and the capture of the pope by the imperial army under the constable Bourbon; and on this event Valdes composed a dialogue intended to set forth the sentiment of the court respecting the case. The emperor could not deny his responsibility for the catastrophe, and his secretary accordingly proceeded to show that the pope himself had brought about the dev- astation of his capital by warlike agitations and disre- gard of the sanctity of his own w'ord, and also by his re- fusal to be guided by the warning counsels of judicious friends or by the indications of Providence. This com- position excited considerable interest, and led the papal nuncio Castiglione to lodge a complaint against its au- thor with the emperor; but Valdes was safe under the protection of the chancellor, and suffered no harm.
VALDES
695
VALDES
In 1530 Yakles was present with the court at the Diet of Augsburg. The bearers of the famous Protest were recommended to him, among others, and found him incHned to promote harmony and friendliness above any of his associates. He met with jMelancthon and dis- cussed the religious situation, and was unwearied in the work of judicious mediation between the heads of the contending parties. After the public reading of the Con- fesdon he prepared a translation lor the emperor's use (see Campeggio, in Liimmer, Monuin. Vatic, p. 45) ; and afterwards he labored zealously to furnish him with the fullest information which the Protestants could supply in behalf of their cause. He has, nevertheless, been sus- jiected of hostility to the Reformation because he judged that the Confession was written in too harsh a tone, and yet more because he wrote the emperor's letter of con- gratulation to the Komish Switzers (Brussels, Oct. 1531) on the occasion of their victory at Cappel over the Zwinglians; but, on the other hand, the nuncio Ale- ander complains (ibid. Dec. 30, 1531) that certain per- sons at court are practically in sympathy with Luther and desirous that his cause should succeed, and that they laud Erasmus to the skies only because they are not allowed to speak their thoughts respecting Luther. Among these courtiers Valdes was unquestionably the tirst. It would seem, however, that Valdes left the court in 1531, though he remaineil in the imperial ser- vice as late as 1533. He never returned to Spain, pos- sibly because he could not be there in safety. Francis- co Enzinas (q. v.) wrote to Melancthon in 1515, "If the oxcellent Alfonso Valdes had returned to Spain, even tiie emperor would have been unable to save him from the death which the monks, the satellites of the holy fathers, were preparing for him on account of his doc- trina and anctorilds." The time and place of his death are thus far wholly unknown.