VAUGHAN
733
VAULT
ship of Lancashire Independent College. Dr. Vanghan died at Torquay, June 15, 18G8. The following are his published works: The Life of Wi/cHffe: — Memorials of the Stuai-t DynaMy : — Relir/ious Parties in England: — Congregationalism and Modern Society: — The Mod- ern Pulpit: — Revolutions in English History: — and Me- moi-ial of English Nonconformity. Dr. Vaughan orig- inated and edited for twenty years the British Quar- terly Review, a work which gave Congregational dis- sent a new position in the literary worlil. " His zeal in the cause of evangelical truth, in the support of the great doctrines of Christian divinity and atonement, ■was very great ; and not only as a theologian, but as a Christian, he felt the need of believing those Gos- pel truths for the life and comfort of his own soul." See (Lond.) Cong. Year-book, 18G9, p. 288.
Vaughan, Robert Alfred, an Independent min- ister, son of Dr. Robert Vaughgn, was bor]i at Worces- ter, England, March 18, 182o. He graduated at London University in 1842, and at the Lancashire Independent College in 1846. then studied theology at Halle. He ■was colleague of Rev. William Jay as pastor of Argyle Chapel, Bath, 1848-50, and pastor at Birmingham, 1850-55. He died in London, Oct. 26, 1857. He pub- lished, The Witch of Endor and Other Poems (1844) :— Hours ivith the Mystics, a Contribution to the History of Religious Opinions (1856, 2 vols.) : — Essays and Remains (posthumously, with a Memoir by his father, 1858, 2 vols.).
Vaughan, Thomas, a writer on magic and some- time minister of the Church of England, was born at Newton St. Bridget. Brecknockshire, in 1621. He was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, of which he subse- quently became fellow. He officiated as rector of St. Bridget, Brecknockshire, afterwards retiring to Oxford, where he became famous as a disciple and teacher in the school of Cornelius Agrippa. He gave most of his time to alchemy and kindred subjects. He died at Ox- ford, Feb. 27, 1665. His principal works are, Anthropo- sophia Theomagica: — Anima Magica Abscondita: — The Fame and Confession of the R. C, commonly of the Rosie Cross.
Vaughan, Williani B., a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in Sullivan County, Tenn., May 21, 1851. He was converted in 1872 while attending King's College, and joined the Virginia Conference in 1873. Subsequently he entered Drew Theological Seminary, where his application as a student brought on the mal- ady which caused his death. He died in Carroll Comi- ty, Va., Feb. 3, 1876. Few young ministers have given greater hopes for future usefulness than Mr. Vaughan. He was earnest, manly, efficient; ready for work on earth or for rest in heaven. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1876, p. 16.
Vault (Fr. voute, Lat. volutus). The simplest and most ancient kind used over a rectangular area is the cylindrical, called also a barrel, and sometimes wagon- vault ; this springs from the two opposite walls, and presents a uniform concave surface tliroughout its whole length. The term "cylindrical" properly implies the form of a segment of a cylinder, but it is applied to pointed vaults of the same description. Vaults of this character were used by the Romans, and also by the builders in England to the end of the Norman style. The Romans also first introduced groining, formed by the intersection of vaults crossing each other at rn;ht angles, and some of their constructions of this kind were of very large size. In groine \aults the arches which I robs each other do not alw avs correspond in ■« idth ; in such cases Cylindiical Vault. they sometimes spring
Groined Vault.
from the same level, and conse- quently are of unequal heights; and sometimes the springing of the narrower vault is raised so that the tops are on the same level. Domical, or hemispherical,
vaulting over a circular area was likewise practiced by the Romans, of which the Pantheon at Rome exhibits a magniticent example of one hundred and forty-two feet in diameter. The decorations employed on Roman vaulting consist chieHy of panels, and flat bands of or- nament following the curve of the arch : the applica- tion of ribs at that period was unknown.
In the Norman style cylindrical or barrel vaulting, as well as groined vaulting, is used ; the former of these is either perfectly devoid of ornament, as in the chapel in the White Tower of London, or has plain and mas- sive ribs at intervals following the direction of the curve of the arch. In groined vaulting the cross-vaults are not unfrequently surmounted, or stilted, when they are of narrower span than the main vault, though some- times in such cases they are both made to spring from the same level; but in general the parts of the builil- ing are so arranged that both vaults are of nearly or quite the same breadth.
In the Early English style, when the use of the pointed arch was permanently established, the same form was also given to the vaulting; and groined vaults at this period were universally adopted. In buildings of this date ribs are invariably employed, especially on the groins. The simplest arrangement of them con- sists of the diagonal or groin ribs, cross-springers, and the longitudinal and transverse ribs at the apex of the main and cross vaults; but these two last in some ex- amples are omitted. Additional ribs are sometimes introduced between the diagonals and cross-springers. In some buildings in England, and in many on the Continent, the vaulting is constructed with the main vault double the width of the cross-vaults, with the di- agonal ribs embracing two bays or compartments of the cross-vaults, as in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral.