"Winckelmann, Johann, a Lutheran theologian of Germany, was born in 1551 at Homburg, in Hesse. He studied at different universities; received the de- gree of doctor of divinity at Basle in 1581, and was ap- pointed court preacher at Cassel in 1582. In 1592 he was called as professor of theology to Marburg; in 1607 he received the chair of theology at Giessen, and in 1612 the superintendency there. He died Aug. 16, 1626. He wrote commentaries on the Minor Prophets, the gospels of SS. Mark and Luke, the epistles to the Romans and Galatians; on St. Peter's and James's epistles, and on the Apocalypse. He also wrote dissertations on differ- ent passages of Scripture and on theological and other subjects. See Freher, Theatrum Eruditoruni; Witte. Memorial Theologorum; Jocher, Allgemeines Gelehrten- Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)
Winckler (or Winkler), .Tohann, one of the most faithful, important, and judicious of the friends of Spener (q.v.), was born July 13, 1642, at Giilzern, near Grimma, and was educated at Leipsic and Tubingen. He had become acquainted with Spener before he en- tered upon his first pastorate at Hamburg in 1671, and received ordination at his hands. In 1672 AVinckler became superintendent at Braubach ; 1676, court preach- er at Darmstadt; 1678, pastor at Mannheim ; and 1679, superintendent at Wertheim. He had alreadv, at Darmstadt, begun to hold private devotional meetings, such as he had observed to be a useful means of grace in the ministry of Spener at Frankfort. On Aug. 31, 1684, he was, on the recommendation of Spener, chosen chief pastor of St. Michael's at Hamburg, and that city continued afterwards to be his home while he lived. Soon after his settlement in Hamburg (1686), he came into controversy with Dr. Joh. Friedr. Mayer, pastor of St. Jacobi, respecting the theatre, which Mayer de- fended against Winckler's aspersions; and the dispute was renewed with greater acrimony when Dr. Schultz, the senior of Hamburg, submitted a formula, made bind- ing by an oath, and directed against all fanatics, to the ministers of Hamburg for their signature. Winckler and his friends Horb and Hinckelmann (q. v.) refused to sign the paper, and various theologians in other places, among them Spener, had written against its adoption, while Mayer became its impassioned advocate. Winckler ultimately felt constrained to discuss the mat- ter in dispute in the pulpit, which he did in four ser- mons delivered April 25 to May 16, 1693. In the course of the dispute Horb was expelled from the city, but Mayer was thoroughlj' defeated. An amnesty was secured in June, 1694. In 1699 the death of SchuUz transferred the office of senior to Winckler, and Mayer
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chose, in consequence, to remove to Greifswald. Wiiick- ler (li-cl April o, 1705.
^\■inckk■r liail few equals as a preacher, though his sermons are difficult to read by reason of the extraneous matter inserted when they were prepared for the press. Some of them extend over one hundred pa,<;es, and are theological treatises rather than sermons. He was emi- nent as a scholar in exegesis and Biblical theology, and liad A. 11. l-'rancke for his pupil; he rendered meritori- ous service to the cause of education in the enlarging of a number of schools and the fomiding of many oth- ers. He was from an early period of his life a support- er of the principles and methods of Spener, writing in their defence Btdenhii iiher Ki-ieffsmaiin's Si/niphone- sis, etc. (Hanau, 1679): — Antwort avf DilfehVs (/Hindi. Erorterunrj der Fraye. von den Prirutzusdmmenkiiii/teH (ibid. 1081): — and Seiuhchreiben an I)r. Ilannekenium (Hamburg, 1(J90); but he was not a blind siipijorter of Spener, and preserved an independent character to the end, as is illustrated especially by his judgment in the case of the fanatical Friiuleiu v. d. Asseburg, expressed in iSc/iiiflmds.'!n/es Bedenken (ibid. ICO.'i). Francke pre- pared for the fouuiiingof the Halle Orphanage at Winck- ler's house in 1(588; and in the same year Winckler drew up the plan for a Bible Society, and began its work by the issue of several editions of the Bible at the ex- pense of himself and a number of friends. He caused a new liturgy and hymn-book to be prepared for the Clnirch of Hamburg, and devised a systematic plan for examining candidates. See (ielfeken, Jo//. Winckler v. d. ffamb. Kircke in /seine}- Zeit, etc. (ibid. 1081-1705; 1861). — Herzog, Real-Encykhp. s. v.
. Winder, Henry, D.D., a learned English Dissenter, was liorn at Hutton Jolin, in the parish of Graystock, Cumberland, jMay 15, 1093. He was educated at Pen- ruddock and at Whitehaven; continued his studies pri- vately in Dublin for two years; became pastor of a con- gregation at Tunley, Lancashire, and was ordained in 1716; was chosen pastor of the meeting at Castle Hey, Liverpool, in 1718, where he continued to labor until bis death, Aug. 9, 1752. He is known to the literary world by his " ingenious and elaborate work," A Critical and Chronolo(/ical History of the Rise, Pror/ress, Declension, and Revival of Knowledge, Chiefly Reliijioiis, in Tivo Pe- riods— the Period of Tradition, from A dam to Moses ; and the Period of Letters, from Moses to Christ (1745). A second edition appeared in 1756, with Memoirs of his life, by Rev. George Bronson, D.D. See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. V.
Windovir (usually '|lfeH, challon; Chakl. IS, kar, Dan. vi, 10; Gr. Bvpit;). The window of an Oriental house consists generally of an aperture (as the word challon implies) closed in with lattice -work, named in Hebrew by the terms arvhbdh (il2~iX, Eccles. xii,3, A.V. "window;" Hos. xiii, 3, A.V. "chimney"), chai-akkim fS'^n, Cant, ii, 9), and eshnab (3rrX, Judg. v, 28 ; Prov. vii, 6, A.V. "casement"), the two former signify- ing the interlaced work of the lattice, and the third the coolness produced by the free current of air through it. Other Heb. terms rendered "window" are "inbs, tsohar (Gen. vi, 16; a lirjht or opening to admit it, elsewhere "noon"), and ClJ^TT, shekeph (1 Kings vii, 5) or r]^pt\ .'shakuph (vi, 4 ; vii, 4), which means timbers or beams. See Auk; Temple.