3. Chemer, "l^Il (from "i^H, cestuavit.ferbuit), or in its Chaldee form, chamdr, "i^H (Sept. olvoc, koKoi;), is "vinum a fervendo et fermentando dictum" (Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 493). The word occurs eight times — twice (Deut. xxxii, 14; Isa. xxvii, 2) in its Hebrew and six times (Ezra vi, 9; vii, 22; Dan. v, 1, 2, 4, 23) in its Chaldee form. In Deut. xxxii, 14 it is (in the A. V., after the Vulg.) treated as an adjective, and rendered " pure" — " the pure blood of the grape," instead of " the blood of the grape — wine," chemer. The rabbins call it " pure or neat wine" (i. e. no water being mixed with the juice of the grape), " because it disturbs the head and the brain" (Tattam). They regarded chemer and tirosh " as equivalent terms." This pure, powerful wine was permitted to the Israelites (Deut. xxxii, 14) ; and is spoken of with approbation by Isaiah, " In that day sing ye unto him, A vinej'ard of red wine Q-heme?-') ; I, the Lord, do keep it" (xxvii, 2, 3). Cyrus and Arta- xerxes commanded that chemer should be given to the people of Israel " for the service of the God of heaven" (Ezra vi, 9).
4. Shekdr, "iSTIJ (from "iStJ, inehriavit se ; Sept. ui- Kepa, olvoc, jit^iifffta, ^tf ■v/j ; Vulg. i'?mm7w), is '^temetum, an inebriating drink, whether wine prepared or distilled from barley or from honey or from dates ( Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 1440). So Fiirst, who adds, " or any other kind of intoxicating drink comprehended under the name ti7jv aiKtpwv." Jerome says, " Sicera ('^?'!^') He- braio sermone omnis potio, qute inebriare potest, sive ilia qua3 frumento conficitur, sive pomorum succo, ant quum favi decoquuntur in dulcem et barbaram potio- nem, aut palmarum fructus exprimuntur in liquorem, coctisque frugibus aqua pinguior coloratur (L'p. ad Ne- jjotianum). In the A. V. the word is once rendered "strong wine" (Numb, xxviii, 7); and elsewhere, oc- curring along with ydyin, " strong drink" (vi, 3 ; Deut. xxix, 6; Jiidg. xiii, 4,7, 14; Isa. v, 11 ; Ivi, 12; j\Iic. ii, 11 ; and the passages cited below). Onkelos, On Numb, xxviii, 7, calls it "old wine." Kabbi Solomon, rabbi Eleasar, Ahen - Ezra, and others call it "intoxicating wine." " The word means strong drink, from whatever substance made" (Tattam). It was used as a drink-of- fering in the service of God (Numb, xxviii, 7), and was, notwithstanding its highly intoxicating property, per-
WINE
1013
WINE
mitted to the Israelites (Deut. xiv, 26). See Drink, Stkong.
A vain attempt has been made, by connecting the word etymologically with snr/ar, to prove, in tlie face of the clearest evidence to the contrary, tiiat it was a sweet, noM-intoxicating syrup (see Lees, Works). The word is employed in the following passages in such a manner as to show decisively that it denotes an intoxi- cating drink : Lev. x, 9, where the priests are forbidden to drink wine or shekdr when they go into the taber- nacle ; 1 Sam. i, 15, where Hannah, charged witli drunk- enness bj' ER, replies it 4s not so — "I have dnuik nei- ther wine nor shekdr ;" Psa. Ixix, 12, where the psalmist complains, "I was the song of the drinkers of shekdr" (A. V. " drunkards") ; Prov. xx, l,"Wine is a mocker, shekdr is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise ;" xxxi, 4, 5, " It is not for kings to drink wine, nor for princes shekdr, lest thej' drink and forget the law;" Isa. V, 22, "Woe unto them that are mighty to drink 'wine, and men of strength to mingle shekdr;" xxviii, 7, "They also have erred through wine, and througii shekdr are out of the way : the priest and the prophet have erred through shekdr, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way through shekdr;" xxix, 9, " They are drunken, but not with wine ; they stagger, but not with shekdr,"
5. 'A sis, 0^03? (from CDS', to tread; Sept. vcifia, yXvKafffiog, oh'OQ vtoQ, [I'f^t]; Targ. P^ip "'■?'!!' "pu''e wine;" Vulg. "dulcedo, mustum"), is must, that which is expressed from grapes by treading, or from pome- granates (Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 1054). Henderson says, "By 0^0" is meant the //-ft?/; wi«e, or juice of the grape or other fruit which has just been pressed out, and is re- markable for its sweet flavor and its freedom from in- toxicating qualities" (^Comment, on Joel i, 5). Its ex- traction from pomegranates is referred to in Cant, viii, 2 ("juice"). Yet its intoxicating quality seems inti- mated in Isa. xlix, 26, " They shall be drunken with their own blood as with sweet wine" ( asis ) ; Joel i, 5, "Awake, ye drunkards, and weep . . . because of the new wine (asis), for it is cut off from your mouth." It is promised bv God as a blessing (.Joel iii, 17, 18 ; Amos ix, 13).
6. Sobe, X^O (from Xa&. potavit, idque intemperan- tius, gurgitavit, to drink to excess, to tope [Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 932]; Sept. oIvoq; Vulg. vinum), occurs only in three places (Isa. i, 22, "wine;" Hos. iv, 18, "drink;" Nah. i, 10, " drunken"), but the verb and par- ticiple often — the latter to denote drunk, a drunkard, a toper. Gesenius renders the noun in Isa. i, 22 viniini, but in Hos. iv, 18 compotatio, a drinking-bout, a carouse ; so Henderson, Dathe, etc. The Sept. must have follow- ed a various reading in this place. Sohe, then, means some (or perhaps any) kind of intoxicating drink.