Glass has been introduced into Egypt in modern times as a protection against the cold of winter; but lattice- work is still the usual, and with the poor the only, con- trivance for closing the window (Lane, Modern Egypt. i, 29). When the lattice-work was open, there appears to have been nothing in early times to prevent»a person from falling through the aperture (Acts xx, 9). The windows generally look into the inner court of the house, but in every house one or more look into the street, and hence it is possible for a person to observe the approach
of another without being himself observed (Judg. v, 28 ; 2 Sam. vi, 16 ; Prov. vii, 0 ; Cant, ii, 9). In Egypt these outer windows generally project over the doorway (Lane, Modern Egypt, i, 27 ; Carnc, Letters, i, 94). When houses abut on the town-wall, it is not unusual for them to have projecting windows surmounting the wall and looking into the country, as represented in Conybeare and How- son's St. Paul, i, 124. Through such a window the spies escaped from Jericho (Josh, ii, 15), an<i Paul from Da- mascus (2 Cor. xi,.33). — Smith. In the Taluuid, Tyrian wiiulows are mentioned {Baba Bathra, i'u, (i). See Hartmann, llebrder. iii, 341 sq. ; Oldermann, Z^e iSpecu- laribus Veterum (Helmst. 1719). See Housii.
Wine, both natural and artificial, is frequently tnen- tioned in the Bible, and in modern times, especially in connection with the temperance cause, its cViaractcr and use have been a subject of no little nor always temper- ate controversy. We pro])ose here to treat it in the light of Scripture, history, and morals, using for a part of the discussion whatever we find appropriate in the Bible Dictionaries.
L Bible Terms. — The produce of the wine-press was described in the Hebrew language by a variety of words indicative either of the quality or of the use of the liq- uid. It may at once be conceded that the Hebrew terms translated "wine" refer occasionally to an unfer- mented liquor; but inasmuch as there are frequent al- lusions to intoxication in the Bible, it is clear that fer- mented liquors were also in common use. It is also obvious that the Bible generally speaks in terms of strong condemnation of the effects of wine ; but it is a fair question whether the condemnation is not rather directed against intoxication and excess than against the substance which is the occasion of the excess.
The following are the words more or less so rendered in the A. V., with a few others of cognate signification and appFication.
1. Ydyin, "p^ (A. V. invariably "wine," except Judg. xiii, 14. " vine ;" Cant, ii, 4, " banqueting"). This word, the most commonly employed in the Old-Test. Script- ures for wine, is also the most comprehensive, including, like the corresponding English word, wines of all sorts, although used also in a more restricted sense to denote red wine.
(1.) It is etymologically derived, according to Gese- nius, from "|T^, an unused root, having the force of ferven- di, cestnendi; according to Fiirst, from "pi, like the Ara- bic 'i'^1, Aeth, "pi, Gr. PoIvoq, " et sic porro ceteris in linguis. Arm. gini; Lat. viniim ; Eng. wine ; Sept. oij'Of, anKi'ic, yXf TiKOf." It has been the current opinion that the Indo-European languages borrowed the term from the Hebrews. The reverse, however, is thought by some to be the case (Renan, Lang. Sim. i, 207), and the word has been referred either to the root we, " to weave," whence come viere, vimen, vitis, vitta (Pott, Etym. Forsch. i, 120, 230), or to the root wan, "to love" (Kuhn, Zeitschr.f. vergl. Sprachf. i, 191, 192). However this may be, the etymological connection and substantial identity of the above Heb., Greek, Latin, and English words cannot be doubted.
(2.) In most of the passages in the Bible where ydyiri is used (83 out of 138), it certainly means ferme7ited grape-juice, and in the remainder it may fairly be pre- sumed to do so. In four only (Isa. xvi, 10 ; Jer. xi, 10- 12; Lam. ii, 12) is it really doubtful. In no passage can it be positively shown to have any other meaning. The corresponding English word "wine" properly means " the fermented juice of the grape." It always has this meaning, except when expressly modified by the imme- diate connection in which it is used. The same is true of its equivalent congeners — Greek, olvog ; Latin, vinum ; German, wein; French, r2», etc.
The intoxicating character of ydyin in general is plain from Scripture. To it are attributed the "darkly flash-
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ing eye" (Gen. xlix, 12 ; A. V. " red," but see Gesenius, Tliesaur. Append, p. 89 ), the unbridled tongue ( Prov. XX, 1; Isa. xxviii,7), the excitement of the spirit (Prov. xxxi,6; Isa.Vjll; Zech. ix, 15; x, 7), the enchained af- fections of its votaries (Hos. iv, 11), the perverted judg- ment (Prov. xxxi, 5; Isa. xxviii, 7), the indecent ex- posure (Hab. ii, 15, 10), and the sickness resulting from the heat {chemdh, A. V. " bottles") of wine (Hos. vii, 5). So in actual instances : Noah planted a vineyard, and drank of the ydyin and was drunken (Gen. ix, 21) ; Na- bal drank ydyin and was very di'unken (1 Sam. xxv, 36, 37) ; the " drunkards of Ephraim" were " overcome with ydyhi'' (Isa. xxviii, 1), or rather, knocked down, or, as Gill paraphrases it, " smitten, beaten, knocked down with it as with a hammer, and laid prostrate on the ground, where they lie fixed to it, not able to rise." Jeremiah says, " I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom ydyin hath overcome" (xxiii, 9).