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CYCLOPEDIA
OP
BIBLICAL.
THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL
LITERATURE.
PREPARED BY
THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D.,
AND
JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. Vol. VIII.— PET-RE.
PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
18 83.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
PREFACE TO VOL. VIII.
This volume has been executed without any retrenchment or material modi- fication in plan, although, for the sake of uniformity in this respect, its size has been considerably increased beyond the amount promised; for it is the pur- pose of the editor to complete the alphabet within the compass of ten vol- umes. A Supplement will follow, containing the necrology and other items that have accrued during the progress of the work. Circumstances not likely to recur have required a somewhat longer time than usual for the preparation of the present volume; but this will cause no postponement in the eventual completion of the work, as about one half of Vol. IX is already in type, and the tenth volume may therefore be looked for in two years from the present issue.
Useful, accurate, and full information, rather than novelty or an affectation of originality, has constantly been the aim of the editor. It has accordingly been repeatedly avowed in the several prefaces that the present work is intended to embrace the substance of all the best books of the kind hitherto produced. It is believed that nothing of value to American readers contained in any of them will be found to have been omitted. This is especially true with regard to two of the latest, and in many respects most important, works — namely, Smith's Dic- tionary of the Bible and Herzog's Real-Encyklopddie, which have constantly been consulted in the preparation of the articles. At the same time, no servile system of copying from them or from any other source of information has been adopted. In the extracts used, the habitual redundancies have been eliminated, the occa- sional errors and extravagances have been corrected, and the frequent omissions have been supplied ; in short, their whole form, bearing, and contents have largely been modified, and their language and conclusions for the most part recast. So numerous and extensive have these changes usually been, even where one or the other of the great works named has substantially been the basis of an article, that in many cases nothing more than this general acknowledgment ought, or could, be made. The present work contains at least twice as many distinct ar- ticles as both those dictionaries put together, and includes thousands of subjects not mentioned in either of them. Many of these additional topics are of the gravest importance and the highest interest in religious literature.
Occasional corrections have kindly been furnished by readers of the Cyclopaedia. Notice of any errors or omissions will be thankfully received, if sent either through the publishers or directly to the editor, Dr. Strong, at Madison, New Jersey.
iv PREFACE TO VOL. VIII.
The following are the full names of the writers of wholly original articles in this volume, exclusive of those by the editor, who has furnished nearly half the matter, ami carefully revised the rot:
I;. I'.. \. 17 i R. B. Anderson, A.M.. Ph.D., of the University of Wisconsin.
I.i. Professor l.i has i "ii mis. I ».l ».. of Lafayette College.
D.D. Th< Ri ■■ . 1 1 win I 'i \ inm . Hforrisania, N. V.
I. II. <.. I ■■• lati I'r..!, -- r l . ll. 1,11 1 1 1 1. I '.I >.. of the University of the City of New York.
D.Y.H. rheBev.D. V. Hi i-i i a, Hon) Alto, Pa
<;. 1 . II. Prol r G. F. Holmes, LL.D., of the University of Virginia.
I:. II. in. Rev. R. Hutcheson, Washington, la.
G.C B G.CJohi a, Mansfield, Pa.
D. P. K. Professor I'. I'. Ki ei, i i:. I ).!>.. of the Drew Theological Seminary.
J. P. L Professor J. P. Lacboee, I'li.D.. of the Ohio W< aleyan University.
B. P. I!.. I;, v. r. P., K.l'h.I>.. Rochester, N. V.
B.H.P. Die Rev. S. H. Plai r, of the N. Jf. Easl Conference.
J. P. II..- Rev. Jambs Porter, I>.1>.. Brooklyn, X. V.
\. J. S, I'r ■•;. nor A. J. & hi h, A.M.. \V. ~t Hoboken, X. J.
l;. v. I . di s. iihiim i/. I i.l >., editor of The Moravian, Bethlehem, Pa. J.H.S. 1 1 • i: ■ .. J. Howard Smith, D.D., Newark, N.J. .i. I.. >. I be Rn •.. .'. I.. Soot, Lexington, Ky. ,i. c. S The Rev. J.CStoi kbrtdgb, D.D., Providence, R. I.
W. P W. P. si BR Ki.wn. D.I>., New fork city.
W.J. R. I. The Ri v. W.J. l.'.'l mx>R, 1 '.!».. Newark, NT. J. \. U . l't feasor A i i \ win a Wim in i.i . LL.D., of the Syracuse I 'Diversity. T.D.W. Thi Rev.T.D.WoOLaBT,D.D,LL.D.>Nen Haven, Conn. J. ll. W. Profeasoi J. H. Worman, A.M.. Brooklyn, X. Y.
LIST OF WOOD-CUTS TS VOL. VIII.
Jerome Savonarola as St. Peter Martyr Page
St. Peter Nolasco
Map of Petra
The " Khuzneh" in Petra
The Theatre at Petra
Rock-hewn Temple at Petra
Interior of a Tomb at Petra