Pharaoh-Hophra was succeeded by two independent monarchs, the first of whom, Amasis, had a very pros- perous reign ; but in the reign of his son, Psammetichus, or Psammenitus, according to the Greeks, the Persian invasion took place, when Egypt was reduced to insig- nificance, and the ancient title of Pharaoh was transferred from the kings of Egypt to their conquerors (Trevor,
Egypt, P- 331 ; Wilkinson, Egypt i, 169-198). No sub- sequent Pharaoh is mentioned in Scripture, but there are predictions doubtless referring to the misfortunes of later princes until the second Persian conquest, when the prophecy '■ There shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt" (Ezek. xxx, 13) was fulfilled. See Egypt. Pharaoh's Daughter. Three Egyptian prin- cesses, daughters of Pharaohs, are mentioned in the Bi- ble. (Our account of them is taken from Smith's Diet, of the Bible.)
1. The preserver of Moses, daughter of the Pharaoh who first oppressed the Israelites. She appears from her conduct towards Moses to have been heiress to the throne, something more than ordinary adoption seem- ing to be expressed in the passage in Hebrews respect- ing the faith of Moses (xi, 23-26), and the designation •'Pharaoh's daughter" perhaps here indicating that she was the only daughter. She probably lived for at least forty years after she saved Moses, for it seems to be im- plied in the above passage of Hebrews that she was liv- ing when he tied to Midian. Artapanus, or Artabanus, a historian of uncertain date, who appears to have pre- served traditions current among the Egyptian Jews, calls this princess Merrhis, and her father, the oppressor, Palmanothes, and relates that she was married to Che- nephres, who ruled in the country above Memphis, for that at that time there were many kings of Egypt, but that this one, as it seems, became sovereign of the whole country {Frag. Hist. Grcec. iii, 220 sq.). Palma- nothes may be supposed to be a corruption of Ameno- phis, the equivalent of Amen-hept, the Egyptian name of four kings of the eighteenth dynasty, and also, but incorrectly, applied to one of the nineteenth, whose Egyptian name, Meneptah, is wholly different from that of the others. No one of these, however, had, as far as we know, a daughter with a name resembling Merrhis, nor is there any king with a name like Chenephres of this time. These kings Amenophis, moreover, do not belong to the period of contemporary dynasties. The tradition is apparently of little value, excepting as showing that one quite different from that given by Manetho and others was anciently current. See Pha- raoh, 4.
2. Bithiali, wife of Mered, an Israelite, daughter of a Pharaoh of an uncertain age, probably about the time of the exodus. See Bithiah ; Pharaoh, 6.
3. A wife of Solomon, most probably daughter of a king of the twenty-first dynasty. She was married to Solomon early in his reign, and apparently treated with distinction. It has been supposed that the Song of Sol- omon was written on the occasion of this marriage; and the idea is, we think, sustained by sound criticism. She was at first brought into the city of David (1 Kings iii, 1), and afterwards a house was built for her (vii, 8; ix, 24), because Solomon would not have her dwell in the house of David, which had been rendered holy by the ark having been there (2 Chron. vii, 11). See Pha- raoh, 8.
Pharaoh's Wife. The wife of one Pharaoh, the king who received H,adad the Edomite, is mentioned in Scripture. She is called i( queen," and her name, Tah- penes, is given. Her husband was most probably of the twenty-first dynasty. See Pharaoh, 7, Taiipexks.
Pharatho'ni (<PcipaScovi v. r. $?apa$wv; Jose- phus, <frapa$iu , Peshito, Pherath ; Vulg. Phara), one of the cities of Judrea fortified by Bacchides during his contests with Jonathan Maccabseus (1 Mace, ix, 50). In both MSS. of the Sept. the name is joined to the pre- ceding—Thamnatha-Pharathon ; but in Josephus, the Syriac, and Vulgate, the two are separated. Ewald {Geschichte, iv, 373) adheres to the former. Pharathon doubtless represents an ancient Pirathon, though hardly that of the Judges, since that was in Mount Ephraim, probably at Ferata, a few miles west of Nablus. too far north t'o be included in Judaea properly so called.— Smith.
PI I ARES
G8
PHARISEE
Pha'res ($aplc), a Gnecized form (Matt 1,3; Luke iii, 33) of the name ofPHABi /- (q. v. |, the bod of Judah.
Fka'rez, the name of two persons.
1. (Heb. Pe'retz, """■ :1 breach, as explained Gen. xxxviii. 29; Sept and X. T. &apkc; A.V. "Perez," 1 Chron. xxvii, 3; "Phares," Man. i, 3; Luke iii. :'.:i: I Esdr. v, 5), twin son with Zarah, or Zerah, of Judah by Tamar his daughter-in-law. B.C. cir. L890. The circumstances of his birth are detailed in Gen. xxxviii. Pharez seems to have kept the righl of primogeniture over his brother. a>. in the genealogical lists, his name comes first The house also which he founded was far more numerous ami illustrious than thai of the Zar- bites. lis remarkable fertility is alluded to in Ruth iv. 12: "Let thy house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bare unto Judah." < >f Pharez's personal history or character nothing is known. We can only speak of him therefore us a demarch, and exhibit his genealogi- cal relations. At the time ol the sojourn in the wilder- ness "the families of the tribe of Judah were: of Shelah, the family of the Shelaniles. or Shilonites; of 1 'hare/.. the family of the Pharzites; of /(rah. the family of the Zarhites. And the sons of Pharez were, of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites; of Ilamul. the family of the Hamulites" (Numb, xxvi, 20, 21). After the death, therefore, of Er and Onan without children, Pharez oc- cupied the rank of Judah's second son. and. moreover, from two of his sons sprang two new chief houses, those of the Hezronites and Hamulites. From Eezron's sec- ond sou Ram, or Aram, sprang David and the kings of Judah, and eventually Jesus Christ See Gi sealogi i 'i Jesus Christ. The house of Caleb was also incor- porated into the house of lle/.ron | see Cai.ki;], and so were reckoned among the descendants of Pharez. An- other line of Pharez's descendants were reckoned as sons of Manasseh by the second marriage of lle/.ron with the daughter of Machir il Chron. ii, 21, 22). In the census ol the house of Judah contained in 1 < !hron. iv, drawn up apparently in the reign of Hezekiah (iv, 11 i. the houses enumerated in ver. 1 are Pharez, Hezron, Carmi, Ilur. and Shobal. Of these all bul Carmi (who was a Zarhite. Josh. \ ii. 1 I were descendants of Pharez. Hence it. is not unlikely that, as is suggested in the margin of the A. Y.. "Carmi" is an error for " Chelubai." Some of the sons of Shelah are mentioned separately at ver. 21, 22. See Pahath-Moab. [n the' reign of Da- vid the house of Pharez seems to have been eminently distinguished. The chief of all the captains of the host