neighborh 1 of th< e lirst reached is the modern
Turkish village Bereketli. This is the nearest village to the ancient ruins. Near the second cemetery are some ruins on a slight eminence, and also a khan, kept by a Greek family. Hero is a large monumental block of marble, twelve feet high and seven feel square, ap- parently the pedestal of a statue, as on the top a hole exists which was obviously intended for its reception. This hole is pointed out By local tradition as the crib out of which Alexander's horse. Bucephalus, was accus- tomed to eat his oats. < in two sides of the block is a mutilated Latin inscription, in which the names ofCaius Yihius and Cornelius Quartus may lie deciphered. A stream employed in turning a mill bursts out from a
sedgy | 1 in the neighborhood, and probably finds ii-
way to the marshy ground mentioned as existing in the S.W. portion of the plain. Alter about twenty min- utes' ride from the khan, over ground thickly strewed with fragments ol marble columns, and slahs that have been employed in building, a river-bed sixty-six feel wide is crossed, through which the stream rushes with great force, and immediately on the other side the walls of the ancient Philippi may he traced. Their direction is adjusted to the course of the stream; and at only three hundred and fifty feet from its margin there ap- pears a -ip in their circuit, indicating the former exist- ence of a gate. This is. no doubt, as above seen, the gate out of which the apostle and his companion passed to the ■• prayer-meeting" on the hanks of a ri\ er, « here tbej made the acquaintance of Lydia, the Thyatiran
seller of purple. The locality, just outside the walls, and with a plentiful supply of water for their animals.
is exactly the one which would he appropriated as a market for itinerant traders. •• quorum COphinus fo-iium- que supellex." as will appear from the parallel case ol the Egerian fountain near Rome, of whose desecration Juvenal complains <Sni. iii. 13). Lydia had an estab- lishment in Philippi lor the reception of the dyed goods which were imported from Thyatira and the neighbor- ing towns of Asia, and were dispersed by means ofpack- animals an g the mountain clans of the ll;i-iiiii- and
Pangaeus, the agents being doubtless in many instances her own coreligionists. High up in Haemus lay the
tribe of the Same, where was the oracle of Dionysus - not the rustic deity of the Attic vinedressers, hut the prophet-god of the Thracians (o 0pp£i fiavrii; Eurip. Uecub. 1267). The -damsel with the spirit of divi- uaiion" {-(iii'mKi) f\nro-,i TD'tvfia TTvdwva) may prob- ably be regarded as one of the hierodules of this estab- lishment, hired by Philippian citizens, and frequenting the country -market to practice her art upon the vil- lagers who brought produce for the consumption ol the town. The fierce character of the mountaineers would render it imprudent to admit them within the walls of the city: just as in some of the towns of North Africa the Kahyles are not allowed to enter, but have a market allotted to them outside the walls for the sale of the produce they bring. Over such an assemblage only a summary jurisdiction can he exercised: and hence the proprietors of the slave, when they considered them- selves injured, and hurried Paul and Silas into the town, to the agora the civic market where the magis- trates I apxovrt{ i sat were at once turned over to the military authorities (oToarjjyoi), and these, naturally assuming that a stranger frequenting the extra-mural market must he a Thracian mountaineer or an itinerant trader, proceeded to inflict upon the ostensible cause of a rim (the merits of which they would not attempt to understand.) the usual treatment in such cases. The idea of the apostle possessing the Roman franchise, and
i sequently an exemption from corporal outrage, m \ i r
occurred to the rough soldier who ordered him to he scourged; and the whole transaction seems to have passed s,P rapidh that he had no time to plead his citi- zenship, of which the military authorities lirst heard the next day. Hut the illegal treatment (i'/3pie) obvi- ously made a deep impression on the mind of its victim, as is evident not only from his refusal to take his dis- charge from prison the next morning t Acts xvi,37), but from a passage in the Epistle to the Church at Thessa-
Plan of Philippi and its Vicinity.
PHILIPPIAN
95 PHILIPPIAN S, EPISTLE TO THE
lonica (1 Thess. ii, 2), in which he reminds them of the circumstances under which he first preached the Gospel to them (irpoiraSrovTtQ Kai vl3pi<T$svTtQ, ea&wg o'idari, iv QiXiiziioic). Subsequently at Jerusalem, under par- allel circumstances of tumult, he warns the officer (to the great surprise of the latter) of his privilege (Acts xxii, 55).
Philippi is now an uninhabited ruin. The remains are very extensive, but present no striking feature ex- cept two gateways, which are considered to belong to the time of Claudius. The foundations of a theatre can be traced; also the walls, gates, some tombs, and nu- merous broken columns and heaps of rubbish. The ru- ins of private dwellings are visible on every part of the site; and at one place is a mound covered with columns and broken fragments of white marble, where a palace, temple, or perhaps a forum once stood. Inscriptions both in the Latin and Greek languages, but more gen- erally in the former, are found. See Clarke, Travels, vol. iii; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii; Cousinery, Voyage dans la Maced. : and especially Hacket, Journey to J'/i/7ij>j)i in the Bible Union Quarterly, August, 1860; Smith, Diet, of Class. Geog. s. v.; Lewin, St. Paul, i, 206 sq. See Macedonia.