Picenardi, Carlo (1) (called The Elder), an Italian painter, who, according to Zaist, flourished at Cremona about 1600. He was of a patrician family, and a fa- vorite pupil of Lodovico Caracci. He executed some works for the churches of his native city, and painted some burlesque histories which gained him considerable reputation, lie died young. See Spooner, Biog. Hist.
Oftfo Fint Arts. ii. 692.
Picenardi, Carlo (2) (called Tht Younger), son of ceding, was born about 1610. It is not known by whom he was instructed; but, after studying at Rome, he went to Venice, and formed a style < if his own. Roman in design and Venetian in coloring. On his return to Cremona he executed some works for the churches and public edifices, but painted most for the collections. Lan- zi says he was very successful in burlesque histories, in imitation oft he elder Picenardi. lie died about the year 1680. See Spooner. Biog. Uist. of the Fim Arts, ii, 692.
Pichler, Aloys, Dr., one of the most prominent Roman Catholic theologians of Germany, was born in 1833 at Burgkirchen, in the diocese of Passau. He studied at the Passau Lyceum and at Munich, and in 1857 he received the prize tor an essay on Polybius. Two years later he was made a priest ; in 1861 he was honored with the theological doctorate, and in the fol- lowing year he commenced his lectures on Chunh his- tory. In 1869 he was appointed librarian at St Peters- burg; but two years later he was found to be guilty of : iniac propensities in his official capacity, and as he had robbed the library of many valuable possessions, he was brought to trial, found guilty, and condemned to banishment to Siberia, where he remained till 1874, when he was pardoned through the intervention of the Bavarian prince Leopold. Pichler then returned to his native country. He died June 3, 1874, at Siegdorf, near Trauenstein. He wrote. Gesckickte des Protestantismus ientalischen Kirche im 17 Jahrhund,, oder der Patriarch CyrUlus Lucarisu.seim Zeit (Munich, 1861 l: ientalische Kirchenfragt nach ikrem gegentSar- tndt (ibid. 1861): — Gesckichtt der hircklichen Trennung zwischen Orient und Occident 1 1864 65, 2 vols.) ; which had the distinction of being placed on the Rom- ishlndex: Du Theohgie des Leibnit (1869sq.,2 vols.):
Di . uilm n Hindi rni.<si iiinl tii< ( I niiiillii -ilii/i/i/iii/i in in< r durchgreifenden Reform der Kircht i 1870). Towardsthe
last he became re estranged from his Church. See
Zuchhold, Bibliotheca Theologica, ii. 995; Literarischer Handun ist rfurs katholische Dt utschland, 187 1. p.385 sq. ; KuTtz,Lehrbuchdei'Kirchengesch.7thed.,u,Sb7. (B.P.)
Pichler, Veit, a German Roman Catholic theolo- gian and member of the Society of Jesus, «a- born al Berchtofen, Bai aria, in the Becond half of the 17th cen- tury, lie entered the Jesuitic order, and was a pro- fessor of canonical law at Dillingeii ; became in 171i'> professor of jurisprudence at [ngoldstadt, and in 1731
he obtained a professorship of jurisprudence at Munich, He died in 1736. We have of him. Iter polemicum «•/ Ecclesia catholica veritatem (Augsb. 1708, 8vo) : — Ex- amen polemicum super .1 ugustana confession* (ibid. 1708, 8vo): Papatus numquam errant in proponendis fdei articulis (ibid. 1709, 8vo):- Lutheranismus constant/or errans in fidei articulis (ibid. 1709, 8vo) : — Theologia polemica ( ibid. 17l:>. 4to, and often) : — Summa jurispru- dents sacra (ibid. 1723, 5
practia explicatum (ibid. 1728, 4to ; 1735, 1746, foL). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. General . xl. 77.
Pichon, Jean, a French Jesuit, noted as a revival- ist, was born at LyODS in 1683. He early b( preacher, but after entering the Society of Jesus in 1697, and obtaining orders, preached in mi—ions at Rheims, Langres, and Metz. Stanislas, duke of Lorraine and Bar, gave him the direction of the missions which he founded in this country with truly royal liberality. To refute some Jansenists, who dissuaded the people from frequent communion by asserting that man must be perfect before approaching the holy table, he pub- lished Esprit de Jesus Christ et ti\ PEglist surl I
munion frequents (1745, L2mo). His 1 k caused a
greal stir. It was attacked by the authors of the Nou- nllrs I'rrl, .<iu.</ii/ii, .--. condemned by an ordinance of M. de I 'a\ lus. bishop of Auxerre (Sept, 27, 1747), and soon afterwards by other prelates, zealous partisans of the "Unigenitus bull." Jesuits and Jansenists being
united against his I k, Pichon retract) d his obnoxious
opinions in a letter to M. de Beaumont, archbishop of Paris, Jan. 24, 1748. He then went to preach al Col- mar; but as it soon appeared that he was endeavor- ing secretly to instigate a number of German prelates against the proscription of his work in Prance, he was banished to Maariac (1748), and soon after compelled to leave France. Having found an asylum in the house of the bishop of Lyons (Valais), he became grand-vicar and general visitor of his bishopric. I Ie died al L\ ons May 3. 1751. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene nth . xl. 7s.
Pichon, Thomas-Jean, a French litterateur, was born in 17;!1 at Le Mans. Having been ordained a priest, he attached himself to M. d'Avrincourl. bishop ofPerpignan, by w hose protection he became canon and chorister of the Sainte-Chapelle of Le Mans, lie was historiographer of the king's brother, whose estate was in that part of France. At the time of the Revolution the constitutional bishopric of Sarthe was offered to Pi- chon; but be would accept only the situation of admin- istrator Of the hospital Of Le .Mans. lie died at that, place Nov. 18, INI:'. His principal writings are. Lit Raison triomphantt des Nouveai - I Paris, 17, >o. L2mo); it is an essay upon manners and incredulity : — Traite historique <t critique dt la Naturt dt Dieu (ibid. 177>s, Vimo):— Cartel aux Pkilosophes ii quatn Pattes i Brus- sels, 1763, 8vo), in which he exposes materialism: — sur les Alms du Celibat dans FOrdrt politique (Amsterdam, 1763, 8vo); this memoir, quite singular and inaccurate, excited some complaints against the author: l.n Physiqut de FHistoire (La Haye, 1765, l2mo); general considerations upon the temperament and character of people: Les Droits respectifs dt VEtat it ih FEglist rappeles it leurs Principes ( l'aris, 1766, 12mo) : — Memoir es sur les .1 bus dans A s Manages t Am- sterdam, lTdt'p, 12mo): — Des Etudes theologiques (Avig- non, 1767, l2mo | ; researches upon the abuse b w hich op- posed the progress of theology in the public schools: — Les Arguments dt la Raison m Faveur dt lu /, tin Sact rdoct I Paris, 177tk 12mo) : an examination of the