/»/,/ . t Galtkeorum nine. Christiani dicti sunt, ut tes-
tatur Suidas." Pinedo died Nov. 13, H'>7 :•, and the noble marquis whom we have mentioned above warmlj ex- pressed in a letter to the Judseo - Spanish poet. De Barrios, his regret at the death of Pinedo, and more especially at his dying in the profession of Judaism. Pint do not only left in bis Ert(pavo£ a monument " acre perennius," hut also w rote his o\\ a epitaph in the foil iw- inir words:
Advertile Mot
1 1 i< jacel
Thomas de Pinedo Lnsitanne
Qui primnm Orientem vidit
In Lusitanise oppido Francoso.
Ex nobili illius regni familia Patema l'inhciro. maienia Konseca
M idriti pee- p, ,,,. edncatne
Literis apnd Ji i dedit.
Nullius cniuini- ac in\i.li;e reus
nocccuotai)l)iiiiu i er Stephauum sibi excitavit. Id volebnt voe scire.
s. • I rt. /.'//>/.. /»</. in. lo-J: DeRossi,.Dt ionario storico degliautori Ebri i,p. 264 sq.(< ier.transl.bj Hamburger); Wolf, Bibl. ff'ebr. i. 397; id. 278; Da Co'sta, Israel <tn>l ,. p. 133 s,|.: (.rat/, Gesch. il. Juden, \. 200; Kayserling, in Frankel's Monatsschrifi, 1858, p. 191 Bq.; ill. Gesckichti •>< r Juden in Portugal (Leips. 1867), p. 801. (B.P.)
Pinelli, Luca, an Italian theologian, horn at Melfi. His family, one of the twenty-tour chief ol Gem the republic two doges, Agostino, son of Filippo, • li i ted 1555, and Agostino, son of Alessandro, elected 1609. lie was admitted in 1562 into the Company of Jesus; was a professor of theology at Ingolstadt and Pont-a- Monsson, and nnur at Flon nee, Perugia, and Palermo. Pinelli died at Naples Aug. '.'•"'. 1607. Hi- theological writings enjoyed a favor which i< not extil I
altogether even in our own day. They have been re- printed and translated a number of times. S them must he referred to here: Meditazioni del Sacra- mento (Brescia, 1599, L2mo; translated into French, Pieux i ut ii Hi us. etc., Tournay, 1850, l8mo): awero della perfezione religiosa, lib. iv; the most re- cent editions of this often republished work are. in Ital- ian, Borne, 1839, 8vo ; in Latin, 1710, 16mo; in French, 1847, L8mo, etc. : — Meditazioni della Vergau Maria (Brescia, 1599, l2mo: translated into Portuguese by Antonio Vaz de Sousa i : D< Sai rat ■ 1 1 lologne, 1602, 12mo) -.—Tratlato delF alira vita e <f< Uo stato delli aninu in essa i Venice. 1604, 8vo) : — Medita- tiones dt /I' hominis novissimis, qua sun ! infernus, paradisus (Cologne, 1605, 12mo) : — Trattato i!ilin Messa I Naples. 1606, l2mo). The spiritual works, of father Pinelli appeared firsl at Venice (1604, l2mo); hut the Latin edition of ( iologne 1 1604, :'> \ ols. L2mo) is the mosl complete. — Hoefer, A erale, xl,
2Gb.
Pine-tree. The word "pine" occurs in our trans- lation three times, but in neither case i> the pine of our
northern regions referred to in the original. The first instance is in Neh. viii. 15 i Sept. %v\ov Kvirapiaaivov, Vulg. lignum pukherrimum), where the Hebrew words
Stone-Plnc Cone and Nuts.
PINNACLE
217
PINNACLE
•^'j V$, ets shemen, are rendered "pine -branches." though the phrase is generally understood to denote the wild olive-tree. See Olive. The second and third instances are in Isa. xli, 19 (Sept. ttivkj], Vulg. pinus) and lx, 13 (Sept. (SpaSvSaap, Vulg. ulmus), where the Hebrew word is liT-JPl, tidkdr, which Gesenius conject- ures to denote the oak (from its hardness and durabil- ity, root, IfH) ; but the old translators waver between beech, pine, cypress, larch, etc., and by modern inter- preters it has been variously explained to be the Indian plane, the larch, and the elm (Celsius, Hierob. ii, 271). See Asii-tree ; Box-tree ; Cedak-tkke. The Sept. rendering in Isa. xli, 19, [3pa2ni£adp, appears to have arisen from a confused amalgamation of the words be- rosh and tidkdr, which follow each other in that pas- sage. Of these berosh is sometimes rendered " cypress," and might stand for "juniper." That species of juniper which is called savin is in Greek fipaSv. The word Snap is merely an expression in Greek letters for tidkdr (Pliny, xxiv, 11, 61 ; Schleusner, s. v.; Celsius, Hierob. i, 78)! In the Chaldee paraphrase the word murneyan, commonly thought to mean the elm, is used as the syno- nym of tidhdr. But no similar name having been dis- covered in any of the cognate languages, no proofs can be adduced in favor of one more than another. The name tidhara, meaning "three-cornered," is applied in India to a species of Euphorbia (E. antiquorum) ; but this is not likely to be the plant alluded to in Scripture. But the rendering " pine" seems least probable of any, as the root implies either curvature or duration, of which the latter is not particularly applicable to the pine, and the former remarkably otherwise. On the other hand, Thomson {Land and Bool; ii, 266 sq.) supposes that berosh (01*13) ought to be rendered pine instead of fir, as usual in the A. V. ; referring it to the " stone-pine," which still covers the sandy ridges of Lebanon and Her- mon, and is called snubar by the Arabs. See Fir.
Pinnacle. In the account of our Lord's tempta- tion (Matt, iv, 5), it is stated that the devil took him to Jerusalem, " and set him on a [rather the] pinnacle of the Temple" (t7rt to nripvyiov tov Upov). The part of the Temple denoted by this term has been much ques- tioned by different commentators, and the only certain conclusion seems to be that it cannot be understood in the sense usually attached to the word (i. e. the point of a spiral ornament), as in that case the article would not have been prefixed. Grotius, Hammond, Doddridge, and others take it in the sense of balustrade or pinnated battlement. But it is now more generally supposed to denote what was called the king's portico, which is mentioned by Josephus (Ant. xv, 11, 5), and is the same which is called in Scripture " Solomon's porch." Of this opinion are Wetstein, Kuinol, Parkhurst, Roscnmiiller, and others. Krebs, Schleusner, and some others, how- ever, fancy that the word signifies the ridge of the roof of the Temple; and Josephus (Ant. xv, 11, 5) is cited in proof of this notion. But we know that iron spikes were fixed all over the roof of the Temple to prevent the holy edifice from being defiled by birds (Joseph. War, v, 5, 6), and the presence of these spikes creates an objection, although the difficulty is perhaps not insu- perable, as we are told that the priests sometimes went to the top of the Temple (Middoth, ch. iv; T. Bab. tit. Taanith, foL 29). Dr. Bloomfield asks : " May it not have been a loft}- spiral turret, placed somewhere about the centre of the building, like the spire in some cathedrals, to the topmost lookout of which the devil might take •Jesus?" (Recens. Synopt. in Matt, iv, 5). We answer, no : steeples do not belong to ancient or to Oriental ar- chitecture, and it is somewhat hazardous to provide one for the sole purpose of meeting the supposed occasion of this text. Lightfoot, whose opinion on this point is entitled to much respect, declares his inability to judge whether the part denoted should be considered as be- longing to the holy fabric itself or to some building